http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics/equestrian/7574220.stm
Olympic horses fail drugs tests
Lynch is the second Irish rider to be suspended in two Olympic Games
Four horses involved in the Olympic show jumping have tested positive for the banned substance capsaicin.
As a result, they were thrown out of Thursday's individual show jumping final in Beijing, eventually won by Canada's Eric Lamaze on Hickstead.
Ireland's Denis Lynch, riding Lantinus, was among the riders barred.
Norway's Tony Andre Hansen on Camiro, Brazil's Bernardo Alves on Chupa Chup and Germany's Christian Ahlmann on Coster were also ejected.
Lynch, Hansen and Alves had all been scheduled to compete in Thursday's individual competition, but Ahlmann was not entered into the event.
Following news of Lantinus' positive drugs test, Horse Sport Ireland said that Lynch had admitted using a product called Equi-block, which contains capsaicin, on his horse.
Capsaicin, derived from chilli peppers, can have hypersensitising effects or act as a pain relief that, in both cases, can improve the performance of the horse.
It has always been an illegal substance but the technique to discover its use has only recently been developed.
606: DEBATE
Give your thoughts on the horses' positive drugs tests
"Denis Lynch explained to the tribunal that he commonly applies Equi-block to the horse's lower back prior to exercise," said a Horse Sport Ireland spokesman.
The Irish official added that a urine sample from the horse had been submitted to a voluntary screening testing on the horse's arrival in Hong Kong and the results of this test were negative.
Lynch was competing as an individual because Ireland did not qualify for the team competition.
He described himself as shattered after being denied the opportunity to compete for an Olympic medal, adding "we have nothing to hide and have done nothing wrong".
If the horses' B sample tests confirm their A samples, their countries will be disqualified from the team show jumping, which took place on Monday.
The announcement throws into doubt the medal order of that competition.
Norway won a bronze medal, its first ever placing in an Olympics equestrian event, while the United States took gold and Canada silver.
Capsaicin is basically rubbed onto the front of the legs and it makes the horses pick up their legs
BBC equestrian commentator Michael Tucker
Norway's bronze is now in jeopardy, with that medal potentially heading Switzerland's way.
In its statement, the International Equestrian Federation (FEI) said the four horses had been "provisionally suspended by the FEI further to doping/medication control tests that indicated the present of capsaicin in each horse".
"Capsaicin is classified as a 'doping' prohibited substance given its hypersensitising properties, and as a 'medication class A' prohibited substance for its pain relieving properties."
The development casts another shadow over the equestrian after positive drugs tests forced a medal re-allocation at the 2004 Athens Games.
Germany were stripped of the team jumping gold in Athens after the horse ridden by Ludger Beerbaum, who is a lynchpin of his country's team in Beijing, was disqualified for a positive test.
Also in Athens, the Irishman Cian O'Connor was stripped of his individual gold medal on Waterford Crystal.
BBC equestrian commentator Michael Tucker told BBC Radio 5 Live: "It's very bad news all round, particularly as two of them were highly thought of as individual medals and all four riders are world-class jockeys.
"Capsaicin is basically rubbed onto the front of the legs and it makes the horses pick up their legs.
"The testing facilities and laboratories here in Hong Kong are second to none in the world class. The B samples are going to be carried out very, very quickly indeed.
"Norway will drop out of the medals and Switzerland will come up."
The ONLY solution is to enforce The Plan against the traitorous N. W. O. Zion-Nazi mass-murder, inside-job perpetrators of OKC, 911, Bali, 7/7/2005 and the phoney War on Terror and Freedom, and reinstate God's Perfect Laws of Liberty and bring the perpetrators to Justice.
A positive attitude may not solve all your problems, but it will annoy enough people to make it worth the effort.
~Herm Albright~
"I have three precious things which I hold fast and prize. The first is gentleness; the second is frugality; the third is humility, which keeps me from putting myself before others. Be gentle and you can be bold; be frugal and you can be liberal; avoid putting yourself before others and you can become a leader among men."
Geometrically Ordered Divinity (G.O.D.)
Monday, February 2, 2009
Positive Atheism's Big List of Bertrand Russell
http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/quotes/russell.htm
Positive Atheism's Big List of
Bertrand Russell
Quotations
• No-Frames Quotes Index
• Load This File With Frames Index
• Index: Historical Writings (Russell)
• Home to Positive Atheism
Bertrand Arthur William Russell [Third Earl Russell] (1872-1970)
British philosopher, mathematician, social critic, writer
It is clear that thought is not free if the profession of certain opinions make it impossible to earn a living.
-- Bertrand Russell, Skeptical Essays (1928)
My conclusion is that there is no reason to believe any of the dogmas of traditional theology and, further, that there is no reason to wish that they were true. Man, in so far as he is not subject to natural forces, is free to work out his own destiny. The responsibility is his, and so is the opportunity.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Is There a God?" commissioned by, but never published in, Illustrated Magazine (1952: repr. The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell, Volume 11: Last Philosophical Testament, 1943-68, ed. John G Slater and Peter Köllner (London: Routledge, 1997), pp. 543-48, quoted from S T Joshi, Atheism: A Reader
I mean by intellectual integrity the habit of deciding vexed questions in accordance with the evidence, or of leaving them undecided where the evidence is inconclusive. This virtue, though it is underestimated by almost all adherents of any system of dogma, is to my mind of the very greatest social importance and far more likely to benefit the world than Christianity or any other system of organized beliefs.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Can Religion Cure Our Troubles?" (1954)
It has been said that man is a rational animal. All my life I have been searching for evidence which could support this.
-- Bertrand Russell, from from "An Outline of Intellectual
Rubbish" in the collection, Unpopular Essays
Man is a credulous animal, and must believe something; in the absence of good grounds for belief, he will be satisfied with bad ones.
-- Bertrand Russell, Unpopular Essays, "An Outline of Intellectual Rubbish" (1950), p. 149, quoted from James A Haught, ed, 2000 Years of Disbelief
So far as I can remember, there is not one word in the Gospels in praise of intelligence; and in this respect ministers of religion follow gospel authority more closely than in some others.
-- Bertrand Russell, quoted, in part, from Jonathon Green, The Cassell Dictionary of Cynical Quotations
[Kant] was like many people: in intellectual matters he was skeptical, but in moral matters he believed imjplicitly in the maximx that he had imbibed at his mother's knee.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Why I Am Not A Christian,"
One is often told that it is a very wrong thing to attack religion, because religion makes men virtuous. So I am told; I have not noticed it.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Why I Am Not A Christian," Little Blue Book No. 1372 edited by E Haldeman-Julius.
The essence of the liberal outlook lies not in what opinions are held but in how they are held: instead of being held dogmatically, they are held tentatively, and with a consciousness that new evidence may at any moment lead to their abandonment. This is the way opinions are held in science, as opposed to the way in which they are held in theology.
-- Bertrand Russell, Unpopular Essays, "Philosophy and Politics" (1950), p. 149, quoted from James A Haught, ed, 2000 Years of Disbelief
The fundamental cause of trouble in the world today is that the stupid are cocksure while the intelligent are full of doubt.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Christian Ethics" from Marriage and Morals (1950), quoted from James A Haught, ed, 2000 Years of Disbelief
Dogma demands authority, rather than intelligent thought, as the source of opinion; it requires persecution of heretics and hostility to unbelievers; it asks of its disciples that they should inhibit natural kindness in favor of systematic hatred.
-- Bertrand Russell, thanks to Laird Wilcox, ed, "The Degeneration of Belief"
Most of the greatest evils that man has inflicted upon man have come through people feeling quite certain about something which, in fact, was false.
-- Bertrand Russell, Unpopular Essays, "Ideas That Have Harmed Mankind" (1950), p. 149, quoted from James A Haught, ed, 2000 Years of Disbelief
The degree of one's emotion varies inversely with one's knowledge of the facts -- the less you know the hotter you get.
-- Bertrand Russell (attributed: source unknown)
[Regarding] the convention that clergymen are more virtuous than other men. Any average selection of mankind, set apart and told that it excels the rest in virtue, must tend to sink below the average.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Religion and the Churches" (1916), quoted from Annie Laurie Gaylor, Betrayal of Trust: Clergy Abuse of Children (1988)
Religion is something left over from the infancy of our intelligence, it will fade away as we adopt reason and science as our guidelines.
-- Bertrand Russell (attributed: source unknown)
The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic.
-- Bertrand Russell, Unpopular Essays, "An Outline of Intellectual Rubbish" (1950), quoted from James A Haught, ed, 2000 Years of Disbelief
Heretical views arise when the truth is uncertain, and it is only when the truth is uncertain that censorship is invoked.
-- Bertrand Russell, "The Value Of Free Thought," thanks to Laird Wilcox, ed, "The Degeneration of Belief"
The opinions that are held with passion are always those for which no good ground exists; indeed, the passion is the measure of the holder's lack of rational conviction.
-- Bertrand Russell, Unpopular Essays "On the Value of Skepticism" (1950), quoted from James A Haught, ed, 2000 Years of Disbelief
It is permissible with certain precautions to speak in print of coitus, but it is not permissible to employ the monosyllabic synonym for this word.
-- Bertrand Russell, in the spirit of H L Mencken's quip, "It is now quite lawful for a Catholic woman to avoid pregnancy by a resort to mathematics, though she is still forbidden to resort to physics or chemistry." (attributed: source unknown)
William James used to preach "the will to believe". For my part, I should wish to preach "the will to doubt". What is wanted is not the will to believe, but the wish to find out, which is the exact opposite.
-- Bertrand Russell (attributed: source unknown)
Many orthodox people speak as though it were the business of sceptics to disprove received dogmas rather than of dogmatists to prove them. This is, of course, a mistake. If I were to suggest that between the Earth and Mars there is a china teapot revolving about the sun in an elliptical orbit, nobody would be able to disprove my assertion provided I were careful to add that the teapot is too small to be revealed even by our most powerful telescopes. But if I were to go on to say that, since my assertion cannot be disproved, it is intolerable presumption on the part of human reason to doubt it, I should rightly be thought to be talking nonsense. If, however, the existence of such a teapot were affirmed in ancient books, taught as the sacred truth every Sunday, and instilled into the minds of children at school, hesitation to believe in its existence would become a mark of eccentricity and entitle the doubter to the attentions of the psychiatrist in an enlightened age or of the Inquisitor in an earlier time.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Is There a God?" commissioned by, but never published in, Illustrated Magazine (1952: repr. The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell, Volume 11: Last Philosophical Testament, 1943-68, ed. John G Slater and Peter Köllner (London: Routledge, 1997), pp. 543-48, quoted from S T Joshi, Atheism: A Reader
That is the idea -- that we should all be wicked if we did not hold to the Christian religion. It seems to me that the people who have held to it have been for the most part extremely wicked. You find this curious fact, that the more intense has been the religion of any period and the more profound has been the dogmatic belief, the greater has been the cruelty and the worse has been the state of affairs. In the so-called Ages of faith, when men really did believe the Christian religion in all its completeness, there was the Inquisition, with all its tortures; there were millions of unfortunate women burned as witches; and there was every kind of cruelty practiced upon all sorts of people in the name of religion.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Why I Am Not A Christian," Little Blue Book No. 1372 edited by E Haldeman-Julius.
The whole conception of a God is a conception derived from the ancient oriental despotisms. It is a conception quite unworthy of free men.... We ought to stand up and look the world frankly in the face. We ought to make the best we can of the world, and if it is not so good as we wish, after all it will still be better than what these others have made of it in all these ages.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Why I Am Not A Christian," Little Blue Book No. 1372 edited by E Haldeman-Julius.
My own view on religion is that of Lucretius. I regard it as a disease born of fear and as a source of untold misery to the human race. I cannot, however, deny that it has made some contributions to civilization. It helped in early days to fix the calendar, and it caused Egyptian priests to chronicle eclipses with such care that in time they became able to predict them. These two services I am prepared to acknowledge, but I do not know of any others.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Has Religion Made Useful Contributions to Civilization?"
Even if the open windows of science at first make us shiver after the cosy indoor warmth of traditional humanizing myths, in the end the fresh air brings vigor, and the great spaces have a splendor all their own.
-- Bertrand Russell, What I Believe
I was told that the Chinese said they would bury me by the Western Lake and build a shrine to my memory. I have some slight regret that this did not happen, as I might have become a god, which would have been very chic for an atheist.
-- Bertrand Russell, The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell (1967-1969), quoted from Encarta Book of Quotations (1999)
Fear is the parent of cruelty, and therefore it is no wonder if cruelty and religion have gone hand-in-hand. It is because fear is at the basis of those two things. In this world we can now begin a little to understand things, and a little to master them by the help of science, which has forced its way step by step against the Christian religion, against the churches, and against the opposition of all the old precepts. Science can help us to get over this craven fear in which mankind has lived for so many generations. Science can teach us, and I think our own hearts can teach us, no longer to look around for imaginary supports, no longer to invent allies in the sky, but rather to look to our own efforts here below to make this world a fit place to live in, instead of the sort of place that the churches in all these centuries have made it.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Why I Am Not A Christian," Little Blue Book No. 1372 edited by E Haldeman-Julius
Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.... This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.
-- Bertrand Russell, "What I Have Lived For," the prologue to his Autobiography, vol. I p. 4
My whole religion is this: do every duty, and expect no reward for it, either here or hereafter.
-- Bertrand Russell, childhood diary, quoted from Against the Faith by Jim Herrick
What is wanted is not the will to believe, but the will to find out, which is the exact opposite.
-- Bertrand Russell, Skeptical Essays (1928)
United with his fellow-men by the strongest of all ties, the tie of a common doom, the free man finds that a new vision is with him always, shedding over every daily task the light of love. The life of Man is a long march through the night, surrounded by invisible foes, tortured by weariness and pain, towards a goal that few can hope to reach, and where none may tarry long. One by one, as they march, our comrades vanish from our sight, seized by the silent orders of omnipotent Death. Very brief is the time in which we can help them, in which their happiness or misery is decided. Be it ours to shed sunshine on their path, to lighten their sorrows by the balm of sympathy, to give them the pure joy of a never-tiring affection, to strengthen failing courage, to instil faith in hours of despair. Let us not weigh in grudging scales their merits and demerits, but let us think only of their need -- of the sorrows, the difficulties, perhaps the blindnesses, that make the misery of their lives; let us remember that they are fellow-sufferers in the same darkness, actors in the same tragedy as ourselves. And so, when their day is over, when their good and their evil have become eternal by the immortality of the past, be it ours to feel that, where they suffered, where they failed, no deed of ours was the cause; but wherever a spark of the divine fire kindled in their hearts, we were ready with encouragement, with sympathy, with brave words in which high courage glowed.
-- Bertrand Russell, "A Free Man's Worship" (originally "The Free Man's Worship," December, 1903)
The forms of zest are innumerable. Sherlock Holmes, it may be remembered, picked up a hat which he happened to find lying in the street. After looking at it for a moment he remarked that its owner had come down in the world as the result of drink and that his wife was no longer so fond of him as she used to be. Life could never be boring to a man to whom casual objects offered such a wealth of interest. Think of the different things that may be noticed in the course of a country walk. One man may be interested in the birds, another in the vegetation, another in the geology, another in the agriculture, and so on. Any one of these things is interesting if it interests you, and, other things being equal, the man who is interested in any one of them is better adapted to the world than the man who is not interested.
-- Bertrand Russell, The Conquest of Happiness, p. 95
Are you never afraid of God's judgment in denying him?
"Most certainly not. I also deny Zeus and Jupiter and Odin and Brahma, but this causes me no qualms. I observe that a very large portion of the human race does not believe in God and suffers no visible punishment in consequence. And if there were a God, I think it very unlikely that He would have such an uneasy vanity as to be offended by those who doubt His existence."
-- Bertrand Russell, "What Is an Agnostic?"
What makes a free thinker is not his beliefs, but the way in which he holds them. If he holds them because his elders told him they were true when he was young, or if he holds them because if he did not he would be unhappy, his thought is not free; but if he holds them because, after careful thought, he finds a balance in their favor, then his thought is free, however odd his conclusions may seem.
-- Bertrand Russell, "The Value of Free Thought"
There is something feeble and a little contemptible about a man who cannot face the perils of life without the help of comfortable myths. Almost inevitably some part of him is aware that they are myths and that he believes them only because they are comforting. But he dares not face this thought! Moreover, since he is aware, however dimly, that his opinions are not rational, he becomes furious when they are disputed.
-- Bertrand Russell, Human Society in Ethics and Politics (1954), quoted from James A Haught, "Breaking the Last Taboo" (1996)
It is no credit to the orthodox that they do not now believe all the absurdities that were believed 150 years ago. The gradual emasculation of the Christian doctrine has been effected in spite of the most vigorous resistance, and solely as the result of the onslaughts of freethinkers.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Has Religion Made Useful Contributions to Civilization?"
There is no excuse for deceiving children. And when, as must happen in conventional families, they find that their parents have lied, they lose confidence in them and feel justified in lying to them.
-- Bertrand Russell, Our Sexual Ethics (1936)
The fact that an opinion has been widely held is no evidence that it is not utterly absurd; indeed, in view of the silliness of the majority of mankind, a widespread belief is more likely to be foolish than sensible.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Christian Ethics" from Marriage and Morals (1950), quoted from James A Haught, ed, 2000 Years of Disbelief
If fifty million people say a foolish thing, it's still a foolish thing.
-- Bertrand Russell (attributed: source unknown)
The whole problem with the world is that fools and fanatics are always so certain of themselves, but wiser people so full of doubts.
-- Bertrand Russell (attributed: source unknown)
There is no nonsense so arrant that it cannot be made the creed of the vast majority by adequate governmental action.
-- Bertrand Russell, Unpopular Essays (1950), quoted from Jonathon Green, The Cassell Dictionary of Cynical Quotations
Many people would rather die than think; in fact, most do.
-- Bertrand Russell (attributed: source unknown)
Of course not. After all, I may be wrong.
-- Bertrand Russell (attributed), having been asked whether he would be prepared to die for his beliefs, quoted from Encarta Book of Quotations (1999)
A stupid man's report of what a clever man says is never accurate because he unconsciously translates what he hears into something he can understand.
-- Bertrand Russell, The History of Western Philosophy, quoted from Lee Eisler, ed, The Quotable Bertrand Russell
The good life, as I conceive it, is a happy life. I do not mean that if you are good you will be happy; I mean that if you are happy you will be good.
-- Bertrand Russell (attributed: source unknown)
This, however, is a passing nightmare; in time the earth will become again incapable of supporting life, and peace will return.
-- Bertrand Russell (attributed: source unknown)
The ONLY solution is to enforce The Plan against the traitorous N. W. O. Zion-Nazi mass-murder, inside-job perpetrators of OKC, 911, Bali, 7/7/2005 and the phoney War on Terror and Freedom, and reinstate God's Perfect Laws of Liberty and bring the perpetrators to Justice.
A positive attitude may not solve all your problems, but it will annoy enough people to make it worth the effort.
~Herm Albright~
"I have three precious things which I hold fast and prize. The first is gentleness; the second is frugality; the third is humility, which keeps me from putting myself before others. Be gentle and you can be bold; be frugal and you can be liberal; avoid putting yourself before others and you can become a leader among men."
Geometrically Ordered Divinity (G.O.D.)
Positive Atheism's Big List of
Bertrand Russell
Quotations
• No-Frames Quotes Index
• Load This File With Frames Index
• Index: Historical Writings (Russell)
• Home to Positive Atheism
Bertrand Arthur William Russell [Third Earl Russell] (1872-1970)
British philosopher, mathematician, social critic, writer
It is clear that thought is not free if the profession of certain opinions make it impossible to earn a living.
-- Bertrand Russell, Skeptical Essays (1928)
My conclusion is that there is no reason to believe any of the dogmas of traditional theology and, further, that there is no reason to wish that they were true. Man, in so far as he is not subject to natural forces, is free to work out his own destiny. The responsibility is his, and so is the opportunity.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Is There a God?" commissioned by, but never published in, Illustrated Magazine (1952: repr. The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell, Volume 11: Last Philosophical Testament, 1943-68, ed. John G Slater and Peter Köllner (London: Routledge, 1997), pp. 543-48, quoted from S T Joshi, Atheism: A Reader
I mean by intellectual integrity the habit of deciding vexed questions in accordance with the evidence, or of leaving them undecided where the evidence is inconclusive. This virtue, though it is underestimated by almost all adherents of any system of dogma, is to my mind of the very greatest social importance and far more likely to benefit the world than Christianity or any other system of organized beliefs.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Can Religion Cure Our Troubles?" (1954)
It has been said that man is a rational animal. All my life I have been searching for evidence which could support this.
-- Bertrand Russell, from from "An Outline of Intellectual
Rubbish" in the collection, Unpopular Essays
Man is a credulous animal, and must believe something; in the absence of good grounds for belief, he will be satisfied with bad ones.
-- Bertrand Russell, Unpopular Essays, "An Outline of Intellectual Rubbish" (1950), p. 149, quoted from James A Haught, ed, 2000 Years of Disbelief
So far as I can remember, there is not one word in the Gospels in praise of intelligence; and in this respect ministers of religion follow gospel authority more closely than in some others.
-- Bertrand Russell, quoted, in part, from Jonathon Green, The Cassell Dictionary of Cynical Quotations
[Kant] was like many people: in intellectual matters he was skeptical, but in moral matters he believed imjplicitly in the maximx that he had imbibed at his mother's knee.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Why I Am Not A Christian,"
One is often told that it is a very wrong thing to attack religion, because religion makes men virtuous. So I am told; I have not noticed it.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Why I Am Not A Christian," Little Blue Book No. 1372 edited by E Haldeman-Julius.
The essence of the liberal outlook lies not in what opinions are held but in how they are held: instead of being held dogmatically, they are held tentatively, and with a consciousness that new evidence may at any moment lead to their abandonment. This is the way opinions are held in science, as opposed to the way in which they are held in theology.
-- Bertrand Russell, Unpopular Essays, "Philosophy and Politics" (1950), p. 149, quoted from James A Haught, ed, 2000 Years of Disbelief
The fundamental cause of trouble in the world today is that the stupid are cocksure while the intelligent are full of doubt.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Christian Ethics" from Marriage and Morals (1950), quoted from James A Haught, ed, 2000 Years of Disbelief
Dogma demands authority, rather than intelligent thought, as the source of opinion; it requires persecution of heretics and hostility to unbelievers; it asks of its disciples that they should inhibit natural kindness in favor of systematic hatred.
-- Bertrand Russell, thanks to Laird Wilcox, ed, "The Degeneration of Belief"
Most of the greatest evils that man has inflicted upon man have come through people feeling quite certain about something which, in fact, was false.
-- Bertrand Russell, Unpopular Essays, "Ideas That Have Harmed Mankind" (1950), p. 149, quoted from James A Haught, ed, 2000 Years of Disbelief
The degree of one's emotion varies inversely with one's knowledge of the facts -- the less you know the hotter you get.
-- Bertrand Russell (attributed: source unknown)
[Regarding] the convention that clergymen are more virtuous than other men. Any average selection of mankind, set apart and told that it excels the rest in virtue, must tend to sink below the average.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Religion and the Churches" (1916), quoted from Annie Laurie Gaylor, Betrayal of Trust: Clergy Abuse of Children (1988)
Religion is something left over from the infancy of our intelligence, it will fade away as we adopt reason and science as our guidelines.
-- Bertrand Russell (attributed: source unknown)
The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic.
-- Bertrand Russell, Unpopular Essays, "An Outline of Intellectual Rubbish" (1950), quoted from James A Haught, ed, 2000 Years of Disbelief
Heretical views arise when the truth is uncertain, and it is only when the truth is uncertain that censorship is invoked.
-- Bertrand Russell, "The Value Of Free Thought," thanks to Laird Wilcox, ed, "The Degeneration of Belief"
The opinions that are held with passion are always those for which no good ground exists; indeed, the passion is the measure of the holder's lack of rational conviction.
-- Bertrand Russell, Unpopular Essays "On the Value of Skepticism" (1950), quoted from James A Haught, ed, 2000 Years of Disbelief
It is permissible with certain precautions to speak in print of coitus, but it is not permissible to employ the monosyllabic synonym for this word.
-- Bertrand Russell, in the spirit of H L Mencken's quip, "It is now quite lawful for a Catholic woman to avoid pregnancy by a resort to mathematics, though she is still forbidden to resort to physics or chemistry." (attributed: source unknown)
William James used to preach "the will to believe". For my part, I should wish to preach "the will to doubt". What is wanted is not the will to believe, but the wish to find out, which is the exact opposite.
-- Bertrand Russell (attributed: source unknown)
Many orthodox people speak as though it were the business of sceptics to disprove received dogmas rather than of dogmatists to prove them. This is, of course, a mistake. If I were to suggest that between the Earth and Mars there is a china teapot revolving about the sun in an elliptical orbit, nobody would be able to disprove my assertion provided I were careful to add that the teapot is too small to be revealed even by our most powerful telescopes. But if I were to go on to say that, since my assertion cannot be disproved, it is intolerable presumption on the part of human reason to doubt it, I should rightly be thought to be talking nonsense. If, however, the existence of such a teapot were affirmed in ancient books, taught as the sacred truth every Sunday, and instilled into the minds of children at school, hesitation to believe in its existence would become a mark of eccentricity and entitle the doubter to the attentions of the psychiatrist in an enlightened age or of the Inquisitor in an earlier time.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Is There a God?" commissioned by, but never published in, Illustrated Magazine (1952: repr. The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell, Volume 11: Last Philosophical Testament, 1943-68, ed. John G Slater and Peter Köllner (London: Routledge, 1997), pp. 543-48, quoted from S T Joshi, Atheism: A Reader
That is the idea -- that we should all be wicked if we did not hold to the Christian religion. It seems to me that the people who have held to it have been for the most part extremely wicked. You find this curious fact, that the more intense has been the religion of any period and the more profound has been the dogmatic belief, the greater has been the cruelty and the worse has been the state of affairs. In the so-called Ages of faith, when men really did believe the Christian religion in all its completeness, there was the Inquisition, with all its tortures; there were millions of unfortunate women burned as witches; and there was every kind of cruelty practiced upon all sorts of people in the name of religion.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Why I Am Not A Christian," Little Blue Book No. 1372 edited by E Haldeman-Julius.
The whole conception of a God is a conception derived from the ancient oriental despotisms. It is a conception quite unworthy of free men.... We ought to stand up and look the world frankly in the face. We ought to make the best we can of the world, and if it is not so good as we wish, after all it will still be better than what these others have made of it in all these ages.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Why I Am Not A Christian," Little Blue Book No. 1372 edited by E Haldeman-Julius.
My own view on religion is that of Lucretius. I regard it as a disease born of fear and as a source of untold misery to the human race. I cannot, however, deny that it has made some contributions to civilization. It helped in early days to fix the calendar, and it caused Egyptian priests to chronicle eclipses with such care that in time they became able to predict them. These two services I am prepared to acknowledge, but I do not know of any others.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Has Religion Made Useful Contributions to Civilization?"
Even if the open windows of science at first make us shiver after the cosy indoor warmth of traditional humanizing myths, in the end the fresh air brings vigor, and the great spaces have a splendor all their own.
-- Bertrand Russell, What I Believe
I was told that the Chinese said they would bury me by the Western Lake and build a shrine to my memory. I have some slight regret that this did not happen, as I might have become a god, which would have been very chic for an atheist.
-- Bertrand Russell, The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell (1967-1969), quoted from Encarta Book of Quotations (1999)
Fear is the parent of cruelty, and therefore it is no wonder if cruelty and religion have gone hand-in-hand. It is because fear is at the basis of those two things. In this world we can now begin a little to understand things, and a little to master them by the help of science, which has forced its way step by step against the Christian religion, against the churches, and against the opposition of all the old precepts. Science can help us to get over this craven fear in which mankind has lived for so many generations. Science can teach us, and I think our own hearts can teach us, no longer to look around for imaginary supports, no longer to invent allies in the sky, but rather to look to our own efforts here below to make this world a fit place to live in, instead of the sort of place that the churches in all these centuries have made it.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Why I Am Not A Christian," Little Blue Book No. 1372 edited by E Haldeman-Julius
Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.... This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.
-- Bertrand Russell, "What I Have Lived For," the prologue to his Autobiography, vol. I p. 4
My whole religion is this: do every duty, and expect no reward for it, either here or hereafter.
-- Bertrand Russell, childhood diary, quoted from Against the Faith by Jim Herrick
What is wanted is not the will to believe, but the will to find out, which is the exact opposite.
-- Bertrand Russell, Skeptical Essays (1928)
United with his fellow-men by the strongest of all ties, the tie of a common doom, the free man finds that a new vision is with him always, shedding over every daily task the light of love. The life of Man is a long march through the night, surrounded by invisible foes, tortured by weariness and pain, towards a goal that few can hope to reach, and where none may tarry long. One by one, as they march, our comrades vanish from our sight, seized by the silent orders of omnipotent Death. Very brief is the time in which we can help them, in which their happiness or misery is decided. Be it ours to shed sunshine on their path, to lighten their sorrows by the balm of sympathy, to give them the pure joy of a never-tiring affection, to strengthen failing courage, to instil faith in hours of despair. Let us not weigh in grudging scales their merits and demerits, but let us think only of their need -- of the sorrows, the difficulties, perhaps the blindnesses, that make the misery of their lives; let us remember that they are fellow-sufferers in the same darkness, actors in the same tragedy as ourselves. And so, when their day is over, when their good and their evil have become eternal by the immortality of the past, be it ours to feel that, where they suffered, where they failed, no deed of ours was the cause; but wherever a spark of the divine fire kindled in their hearts, we were ready with encouragement, with sympathy, with brave words in which high courage glowed.
-- Bertrand Russell, "A Free Man's Worship" (originally "The Free Man's Worship," December, 1903)
The forms of zest are innumerable. Sherlock Holmes, it may be remembered, picked up a hat which he happened to find lying in the street. After looking at it for a moment he remarked that its owner had come down in the world as the result of drink and that his wife was no longer so fond of him as she used to be. Life could never be boring to a man to whom casual objects offered such a wealth of interest. Think of the different things that may be noticed in the course of a country walk. One man may be interested in the birds, another in the vegetation, another in the geology, another in the agriculture, and so on. Any one of these things is interesting if it interests you, and, other things being equal, the man who is interested in any one of them is better adapted to the world than the man who is not interested.
-- Bertrand Russell, The Conquest of Happiness, p. 95
Are you never afraid of God's judgment in denying him?
"Most certainly not. I also deny Zeus and Jupiter and Odin and Brahma, but this causes me no qualms. I observe that a very large portion of the human race does not believe in God and suffers no visible punishment in consequence. And if there were a God, I think it very unlikely that He would have such an uneasy vanity as to be offended by those who doubt His existence."
-- Bertrand Russell, "What Is an Agnostic?"
What makes a free thinker is not his beliefs, but the way in which he holds them. If he holds them because his elders told him they were true when he was young, or if he holds them because if he did not he would be unhappy, his thought is not free; but if he holds them because, after careful thought, he finds a balance in their favor, then his thought is free, however odd his conclusions may seem.
-- Bertrand Russell, "The Value of Free Thought"
There is something feeble and a little contemptible about a man who cannot face the perils of life without the help of comfortable myths. Almost inevitably some part of him is aware that they are myths and that he believes them only because they are comforting. But he dares not face this thought! Moreover, since he is aware, however dimly, that his opinions are not rational, he becomes furious when they are disputed.
-- Bertrand Russell, Human Society in Ethics and Politics (1954), quoted from James A Haught, "Breaking the Last Taboo" (1996)
It is no credit to the orthodox that they do not now believe all the absurdities that were believed 150 years ago. The gradual emasculation of the Christian doctrine has been effected in spite of the most vigorous resistance, and solely as the result of the onslaughts of freethinkers.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Has Religion Made Useful Contributions to Civilization?"
There is no excuse for deceiving children. And when, as must happen in conventional families, they find that their parents have lied, they lose confidence in them and feel justified in lying to them.
-- Bertrand Russell, Our Sexual Ethics (1936)
The fact that an opinion has been widely held is no evidence that it is not utterly absurd; indeed, in view of the silliness of the majority of mankind, a widespread belief is more likely to be foolish than sensible.
-- Bertrand Russell, "Christian Ethics" from Marriage and Morals (1950), quoted from James A Haught, ed, 2000 Years of Disbelief
If fifty million people say a foolish thing, it's still a foolish thing.
-- Bertrand Russell (attributed: source unknown)
The whole problem with the world is that fools and fanatics are always so certain of themselves, but wiser people so full of doubts.
-- Bertrand Russell (attributed: source unknown)
There is no nonsense so arrant that it cannot be made the creed of the vast majority by adequate governmental action.
-- Bertrand Russell, Unpopular Essays (1950), quoted from Jonathon Green, The Cassell Dictionary of Cynical Quotations
Many people would rather die than think; in fact, most do.
-- Bertrand Russell (attributed: source unknown)
Of course not. After all, I may be wrong.
-- Bertrand Russell (attributed), having been asked whether he would be prepared to die for his beliefs, quoted from Encarta Book of Quotations (1999)
A stupid man's report of what a clever man says is never accurate because he unconsciously translates what he hears into something he can understand.
-- Bertrand Russell, The History of Western Philosophy, quoted from Lee Eisler, ed, The Quotable Bertrand Russell
The good life, as I conceive it, is a happy life. I do not mean that if you are good you will be happy; I mean that if you are happy you will be good.
-- Bertrand Russell (attributed: source unknown)
This, however, is a passing nightmare; in time the earth will become again incapable of supporting life, and peace will return.
-- Bertrand Russell (attributed: source unknown)
The ONLY solution is to enforce The Plan against the traitorous N. W. O. Zion-Nazi mass-murder, inside-job perpetrators of OKC, 911, Bali, 7/7/2005 and the phoney War on Terror and Freedom, and reinstate God's Perfect Laws of Liberty and bring the perpetrators to Justice.
A positive attitude may not solve all your problems, but it will annoy enough people to make it worth the effort.
~Herm Albright~
"I have three precious things which I hold fast and prize. The first is gentleness; the second is frugality; the third is humility, which keeps me from putting myself before others. Be gentle and you can be bold; be frugal and you can be liberal; avoid putting yourself before others and you can become a leader among men."
Geometrically Ordered Divinity (G.O.D.)
Friday, January 30, 2009
Enthymeme/learning about language
Enthymeme
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
An enthymeme (Greek: ἐνθύμημα, enthýmēma), in its modern sense, is an informally stated syllogism (a three-part deductive argument) with an unstated assumption that must be true for the premises to lead to the conclusion. In an enthymeme, part of the argument is missing because it is assumed. In a broader usage, the term "enthymeme" is sometimes used to describe an incomplete argument of forms other than the syllogism.[1] For Aristotle, who defined it in his Rhetoric, an enthymeme was a "rhetorical syllogism" which was based on probable opinions, thus distinguishing it from a scientific syllogism. It aimed at persuasion whilst scientific syllogism aimed at demonstration [2].
Contents [hide]
1 Enthymeme's three parts
2 Further examples
3 Use in advertising
4 Notes
5 References
6 See also
7 External links
[edit] Enthymeme's three parts
The following quotation is an example of an enthymeme (used for humorous effect).
"There is no law against composing music when one has no ideas whatsoever. The music of Wagner, therefore, is perfectly legal." —Mark Twain.
The three parts:
There is no law against composing music when one has no ideas whatsoever. (premise)
The music of Wagner, therefore, is perfectly legal. (conclusion)
Wagner has no ideas. (implicit premise)
[edit] Further examples
First example: Socrates is mortal because he's human.
The complete syllogism would be the classic:
All humans are mortal. (major premise - assumed)
Socrates is human. (minor premise - stated)
Therefore, Socrates is mortal. (conclusion - stated)
Second example: "The glove doesn't fit [the defendant], so you must acquit."
This argument is based on one used by Johnnie Cochran in his defense of O.J. Simpson.
The complete syllogism would be:
If evidence does not fit the defendant, then acquittal is required (major premise - assumed)
The glove doesn't fit the defendant. (minor premise - stated)
The glove is evidence. (minor premise - assumed)
Therefore, you must acquit the defendant. (conclusion - stated)
Stating the argument in this extended form suggests the argument is incomplete. For example, one might be more likely to ask if the glove might have shrunk, ask how "fit" is determined, or ask about the meaning of the expression the glove: What do you mean the glove?. The presence of the definite article the suggests that there is a definite descriptor phrase with the same meaning in this context. Examples of such phrases could be
The glove found at the scene of the crime
The glove used by the assailant.
For some definite descriptor phrases, the major premise of the above syllogism is suspect.
Hidden premises are often an effective way to obscure a questionable or fallacious premise in reasoning. Typically fallacies of presumption (fallacies based on mistaken assumptions, such as ad hominem or two wrongs make a right) are attracted to enthymeme.
[edit] Use in advertising
Advertisers rarely draw out the links between the images they show and the product they wish to sell. There is no logical connection between a beautiful woman draped across the hood of a red sports car and the value of the car itself, but the advertiser implies a premise that there is. If the advertiser instead simply stated, "Buy this car and you will have more sexual satisfaction" it would be easier to reject as a premise.
To use another example, advertisers often show examples of people enjoying their product. They never actually state that the viewer should purchase the product or service that is bringing the people such enjoyment, nor that doing so will inevitably cause enjoyment; they are implied major premises.
[edit] Notes
Enthymemes are generally used for two reasons:
The implied premise is obvious
The implied premise is dubious
An example of the second reason would be, "Of course she is dumb, she is a woman." The implied premise is "All women are dumb," which can easily be proven false by proving that one woman is not "dumb," so the premise is left out in the hopes that the listener might not realize what was implied. When used in daily conversation, the implied premise is usually less obvious.
[edit] References
^ Audi, R. (ed.), The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy - 2nd ed., pp. 257, 267. Cambridge University Press, 1999.
^ Aristotle, Rhetoric, book I, 1 and 2
[edit] See also
Logical fallacy
Rogerian argument
Senator, you are no Jack Kennedy
modus ponens
[edit] External links
Look up enthymeme in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Extensive bibliography of enthymeme in scholarly literature
The enthymeme in modern speech
Audio illustrations of enthymeme
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthymeme"
Categories: Rhetoric | Arguments
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
An enthymeme (Greek: ἐνθύμημα, enthýmēma), in its modern sense, is an informally stated syllogism (a three-part deductive argument) with an unstated assumption that must be true for the premises to lead to the conclusion. In an enthymeme, part of the argument is missing because it is assumed. In a broader usage, the term "enthymeme" is sometimes used to describe an incomplete argument of forms other than the syllogism.[1] For Aristotle, who defined it in his Rhetoric, an enthymeme was a "rhetorical syllogism" which was based on probable opinions, thus distinguishing it from a scientific syllogism. It aimed at persuasion whilst scientific syllogism aimed at demonstration [2].
Contents [hide]
1 Enthymeme's three parts
2 Further examples
3 Use in advertising
4 Notes
5 References
6 See also
7 External links
[edit] Enthymeme's three parts
The following quotation is an example of an enthymeme (used for humorous effect).
"There is no law against composing music when one has no ideas whatsoever. The music of Wagner, therefore, is perfectly legal." —Mark Twain.
The three parts:
There is no law against composing music when one has no ideas whatsoever. (premise)
The music of Wagner, therefore, is perfectly legal. (conclusion)
Wagner has no ideas. (implicit premise)
[edit] Further examples
First example: Socrates is mortal because he's human.
The complete syllogism would be the classic:
All humans are mortal. (major premise - assumed)
Socrates is human. (minor premise - stated)
Therefore, Socrates is mortal. (conclusion - stated)
Second example: "The glove doesn't fit [the defendant], so you must acquit."
This argument is based on one used by Johnnie Cochran in his defense of O.J. Simpson.
The complete syllogism would be:
If evidence does not fit the defendant, then acquittal is required (major premise - assumed)
The glove doesn't fit the defendant. (minor premise - stated)
The glove is evidence. (minor premise - assumed)
Therefore, you must acquit the defendant. (conclusion - stated)
Stating the argument in this extended form suggests the argument is incomplete. For example, one might be more likely to ask if the glove might have shrunk, ask how "fit" is determined, or ask about the meaning of the expression the glove: What do you mean the glove?. The presence of the definite article the suggests that there is a definite descriptor phrase with the same meaning in this context. Examples of such phrases could be
The glove found at the scene of the crime
The glove used by the assailant.
For some definite descriptor phrases, the major premise of the above syllogism is suspect.
Hidden premises are often an effective way to obscure a questionable or fallacious premise in reasoning. Typically fallacies of presumption (fallacies based on mistaken assumptions, such as ad hominem or two wrongs make a right) are attracted to enthymeme.
[edit] Use in advertising
Advertisers rarely draw out the links between the images they show and the product they wish to sell. There is no logical connection between a beautiful woman draped across the hood of a red sports car and the value of the car itself, but the advertiser implies a premise that there is. If the advertiser instead simply stated, "Buy this car and you will have more sexual satisfaction" it would be easier to reject as a premise.
To use another example, advertisers often show examples of people enjoying their product. They never actually state that the viewer should purchase the product or service that is bringing the people such enjoyment, nor that doing so will inevitably cause enjoyment; they are implied major premises.
[edit] Notes
Enthymemes are generally used for two reasons:
The implied premise is obvious
The implied premise is dubious
An example of the second reason would be, "Of course she is dumb, she is a woman." The implied premise is "All women are dumb," which can easily be proven false by proving that one woman is not "dumb," so the premise is left out in the hopes that the listener might not realize what was implied. When used in daily conversation, the implied premise is usually less obvious.
[edit] References
^ Audi, R. (ed.), The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy - 2nd ed., pp. 257, 267. Cambridge University Press, 1999.
^ Aristotle, Rhetoric, book I, 1 and 2
[edit] See also
Logical fallacy
Rogerian argument
Senator, you are no Jack Kennedy
modus ponens
[edit] External links
Look up enthymeme in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Extensive bibliography of enthymeme in scholarly literature
The enthymeme in modern speech
Audio illustrations of enthymeme
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthymeme"
Categories: Rhetoric | Arguments
Thursday, January 29, 2009
Brent R Wilkes/DC Madam stuffs
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Wilkes
Brent Roger Wilkes (born May 21, 1954), an American defense contractor. Wilkes became well known for his involvement with the Duke Cunningham defense contracting scandal and was indicted for his involvement in this scandal on February 13, 2007. He was indicted on new charges which superseded the previous ones on May 10, 2007. Wilkes was convicted on all 13 counts on November 5, 2007.
Contents [hide]
1 Personal and business
2 Corruption allegations
2.1 Involvement with the Cunningham Scandal
2.1.1 Benefits to Wilkes
2.1.2 Favors from Wilkes
2.1.3 Criminal proceedings
2.2 PerfectWave involvement with other Congressmen
2.2.1 DeLay and Doolittle
2.2.2 Representative Lewis
2.2.3 Current status
2.3 Involvement with the CIA
2.4 Connections to Tom DeLay money laundering case
2.5 Illegal contributions in Mayoral race
3 References
4 External links
[edit] Personal and business
Wilkes grew in a San Diego suburb, Chula Vista, and graduated from San Diego State University in 1977 after studying accounting. He then became a CPA while working for Touche Ross, an international public accounting firm, in San Diego. Later, he went to work for a Southern California software company that was seeking federal contracts for converting paper documents to digital ones. He was George W. Bush's finance co-chairman in California, and also involved in Arnold Schwarzenegger's campaign for governor. But it was as a federal contractor that he became involved with the Duke Cunningham bribery scandal, and other defense contractor corruption. Wilkes lives in Poway, California.
[edit] Corruption allegations
Cunningham Scandal
A U.S. political scandal in which government contracts were obtained with bribes to Congressman Randy "Duke" Cunningham.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Guilty
Duke Cunningham (R-CA) (100 months)
Kyle Foggo
Robert Fromm
Thomas Kontogiannis
Mitchell Wade
Brent Wilkes
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indicted
John T. Michael
[edit] Involvement with the Cunningham Scandal
Main article: Duke Cunningham
As The Washington Post put it, "Wilkes was an obscure California contractor and lobbyist until his name surfaced last year as one of two defense contractors alleged to have given Cunningham $2.4 million in cash and other benefits in return for Cunningham's steering government business their way. One of Wilkes's companies received more than $80 million in Pentagon contracts over the past decade that stemmed from earmarks that Cunningham slipped into spending bills."[1]
[edit] Benefits to Wilkes
In 1995 Wilkes started ADCS Inc., or "Automated Document Conversion Systems." With Cunningham's help, he began winning contracts from the Pentagon. Wilkes got a $1 million Pentagon contract in 1997, which Cunningham proclaimed "an asset" to San Diego. In 1999, ADCS, Inc. was awarded a $9.7 million contract to convert documents related to the Panama Canal Zone. Subsequently, the company began collecting more than $20 million a year in defense business."[1]
The military never asked for the ADCS projects. In 2000, a report by the Pentagon's inspector general said of the company's biggest project, a $9.7 million contract to convert documents in Panama, that the program was created under pressure from two congressmen. Pentagon procurement officials identified the two as Cunningham and Duncan Hunter (R-Calif), chairman of the Armed Services Committee, to whom Wilkes had also donated heavily.[2]
[edit] Favors from Wilkes
In return, Wilkes rented hospitality suites at the Watergate Hotel and at the Westin Grand Hotel for Cunningham and other legislators and their guests. Wilkes hired Shirlington Limousine & Transportation Service of Virginia beginning in 1990 for entertainment at the Watergate Hotel. In 2005, the Department of Homeland Security granted Shirlington a $21 million contract. According to reports in the Wall Street Journal and the San Diego Union-Tribune, prostitutes regularly accompanied guests at the suites. Allegedly, admitted Cunningham briber Mitchell Wade told prosecutors that Wilkes had set up a prostitution ring through Shirlington and would procure prostitutes for Cunningham on demand.[3]
[edit] Criminal proceedings
On November 28, 2005 Cunningham pled guilty, and on March 3, 2006, U.S. District Judge Larry A. Burns sentenced Cunningham to 100 months (eight years and four months) in prison, the longest ever given to a former member of Congress.[4] The plea agreement mentioned four co-conspirators along with Cunningham: Wilkes, Mitchell Wade; New York businessman Thomas Kontogiannis (whom United States Coast Guard records show was involved in a questionable boat deal with Cunningham); and John T. Michael, Kontogiannis' nephew. The nephew is the owner of a New York-based mortgage company Coastal Capital Corp. Property records show the company made $1.15 million in real estate loans to Cunningham, two of which were used in the purchase of his Rancho Santa Fe mansion. Court records show that Wade paid off one of those loans.[5]
On February 13, 2007 Wilkes and Foggo were indicted on ten charges of conspiracy. In addition, Wilkes was indicted on charges of conspiracy, bribery, money laundering and unlawful monetary transactions to Cunningham in return for government contracts.
On May 10, 2007 Wilkes, Foggo, and Michael were indicted on new charges which superseded the previous indictments. Wilkes and Foggo were charged with thirty counts of fraud, conspiracy and money laundering. In addition Michael was added to the indictment against Wilkes for bribing Cunningham.[6]
On November 5, 2007 Wilkes was convicted of 13 felonies for bribing former congressman Randy “Duke” Cunningham with expensive meals, trips, a yacht and mortgage payments for his Rancho Santa Fe mansion in exchange for lucrative government defense contracts.[7]
On January 21, 2008 Federal Probation Officials recommended a 60 year sentence. Wilkes was scheduled to be sentenced on January 21st, but that has been put off until February 19th at the request of his lawyer, Mark Geragos. In court papers, Geragos said he needed more time to analyze and challenge the report from the federal probation office, which he received January 15th – later than required under court rules.
On February 19, 2008 Wilkes was sentenced to 12 years in federal prison, a term much shorter than the sentence recommended by the prosecution.[8]
[edit] PerfectWave involvement with other Congressmen
After the release of the Pentagon report which criticized ADCS, Wilkes and a business associate, Max Gelwix, established PerfectWave Technologies LLC, which was trying to perfect a way to delete background noise from radio communications. PerfectWave and ADCS, plus Wilkes himself, owned a company called Group W Advisers, which sought government contracts and earmarks in defense appropriations bills.
[edit] DeLay and Doolittle
Effective as of April 1, 2002, Group W Advisers hired the Alexander Strategy Group, a lobby group run by Ed Buckham, the former chief of staff and spiritual advisor to then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay, and Tony Rudy, DeLay's former deputy chief of staff. (DeLay's wife, Christine, was working at the firm's office at the time. So was Representative John Doolittle's wife, Julie.) Wilkes and his friends donated heavily to DeLay, Rep. Roy Blunt (R-Mo.) and Doolittle (R-Calif.). For example, by mid-April 2002, Wilkes, his executives and ADCS had donated $45,000 to ARMPAC so one of their executives could play golf with DeLay, Federal Election Commission records show.[citation needed]
Doolittle acknowledges steering money to PerfectWave but denies doing anything wrong. In a statement last month, he said his backing for PerfectWave was "based solely on the project's merits and the written support of the military.' But the only evidence Doolittle's office could provide to show military support for the project was a letter of praise from Robert Lusardi, a program manager for light armored vehicles at the Marine Corps dated February 25 – two and a half years after PerfectWave got its first earmark. By the time Lusardi wrote his letter, the company had received at least $37 million in earmarks."[2]
[edit] Representative Lewis
Main article: Jerry Lewis - Lowery lobbying firm controversy
Wilkes also hired the lobbying firm of Copeland Lowery Jacquez Denton & White, where former U.S. Congressman Bill Lowery was a partner from 1993 to 2006. Lowery was close friends with Congressman Jerry Lewis (R-CA).
Since 1993, Wilkes and his associates gave Lewis $88,000 in contributions;[9] Lewis subsequently gave $56,000 of that to Habitat for Humanity.[10] Wilkes paid Copeland Lowery at least $385,000 in fees; by 2005, the firm's fees had increased to $25,000 a month.[11][12]
In January 1999, Lewis became chairman of the Defense Appropriations Subcommittee. In January 2005 he became chairman of the House Appropriations Committee.
In an August 2006 interview, Wilkes said he considered dropping the firm, but that Lowery threatened to block future projects if their relationship ended. Wilkes said Lowery had warned several times that doing so could prompt Lewis to cut off earmarks, saying, “You don’t want me telling those guys on the committee that you are moving on without me.” That meant, Wilkes said, "I’d be out of business."[13]
In early 2006, Lewis has said that he barely knew Wilkes and that he did not remember seeing him in nearly a decade. But Wilkes says their relationship was closer than that. Ever since they went on a scuba-diving trip together in 1993, he said, Lewis had referred to him as his "diving buddy." They occasionally dined together or met at political functions, Wilkes said. At a Las Vegas fund-raiser in April 2005, Wilkes said, Lewis greeted him as "Brento" and hugged him as Wilkes surprised Lewis with $25,000 in campaign contributions.[13]
[edit] Current status
PerfectWave and Wilkes are still under investigation, as is Lewis.
[edit] Involvement with the CIA
In March 2006 the CIA announced that it was investigating the connection between Wilkes and the agency's No. 3 official, Kyle "Dusty" Foggo, and whether Foggo helped Wilkes gain CIA contracts. By May, it was reported the FBI was also investigating. The reports were confirmed by a May 12, 2006 raid on his Vienna, Virginia home.
Foggo and Wilkes attended school together at Hilltop High School in Chula Vista and San Diego State University, served as best men in each other's weddings, named their sons after each other, and shared a wine locker at the Capital Grille in Washington D.C., a favorite lobbyists' retreat.[14]
Speaking on CNN, former Congressman Bob Barr (R-GA) suggested the corruption scandal as a possible reason behind CIA director Porter Goss's resignation.[15]
In May, the day after Goss' resignation, New York Daily News reported
The investigations have focused on the Watergate poker parties thrown by defense contractor Brent Wilkes, a high-school buddy of Foggo's, that were attended by disgraced former Rep. Randy (Duke) Cunningham and other lawmakers. Foggo has claimed he went to the parties "just for poker" amid allegations that Wilkes, a top GOP fund-raiser and a member of the $100,000 "Pioneers" of Bush's 2004 reelection campaign, provided prostitutes, limos and hotel suites to Cunningham.... Wilkes hosted regular parties for 15 years at the Watergate and Westin Grand Hotels for lawmakers and lobbyists. Intelligence sources said Goss has denied attending the parties as CIA director, but that left open whether he may have attended as a Republican congressman from Florida who was head of the House Intelligence Committee.[16]
[edit] Connections to Tom DeLay money laundering case
AP reported that "Wilkes has been subpoenaed in the money-laundering case against former House Majority Leader Tom DeLay, R-Texas. Prosecutors want to hear from Wilkes about a contribution to a DeLay fundraising committee at the center of the investigation that led to indictments that pushed the GOP leader from office".[17] Additionally, as noted above, Wilkes' company, Group W Advisers, hired the Alexander Strategy Group that employed DeLay's wife to lobby for acoustic technology for the Navy.
[edit] Illegal contributions in Mayoral race
In November 2005, the California state's watchdog agency, the Fair Political Practices Commission, filed a complaint against Wilkes. The substance of the complaint is that Wilkes attempted to circumvent San Diego's limit on individual campaign contributions with "straw contributions" (i.e., reimbursing others for their contributions). The complaint noted that 22 of his employees as ADCS or relatives of his employees gave $250 each to the 2002 San Diego mayoral campaign of Ron Roberts. The complaint was not released until July 2006 after receiving a public-records act request.[18]
[edit] References
^ a b Earmarks Became Contractor's Business Charles R. Babcock, Washington Post, February 20, 2006
^ a b The power of persuasion, Dean Calbreath, San
Brent Roger Wilkes (born May 21, 1954), an American defense contractor. Wilkes became well known for his involvement with the Duke Cunningham defense contracting scandal and was indicted for his involvement in this scandal on February 13, 2007. He was indicted on new charges which superseded the previous ones on May 10, 2007. Wilkes was convicted on all 13 counts on November 5, 2007.
Contents [hide]
1 Personal and business
2 Corruption allegations
2.1 Involvement with the Cunningham Scandal
2.1.1 Benefits to Wilkes
2.1.2 Favors from Wilkes
2.1.3 Criminal proceedings
2.2 PerfectWave involvement with other Congressmen
2.2.1 DeLay and Doolittle
2.2.2 Representative Lewis
2.2.3 Current status
2.3 Involvement with the CIA
2.4 Connections to Tom DeLay money laundering case
2.5 Illegal contributions in Mayoral race
3 References
4 External links
[edit] Personal and business
Wilkes grew in a San Diego suburb, Chula Vista, and graduated from San Diego State University in 1977 after studying accounting. He then became a CPA while working for Touche Ross, an international public accounting firm, in San Diego. Later, he went to work for a Southern California software company that was seeking federal contracts for converting paper documents to digital ones. He was George W. Bush's finance co-chairman in California, and also involved in Arnold Schwarzenegger's campaign for governor. But it was as a federal contractor that he became involved with the Duke Cunningham bribery scandal, and other defense contractor corruption. Wilkes lives in Poway, California.
[edit] Corruption allegations
Cunningham Scandal
A U.S. political scandal in which government contracts were obtained with bribes to Congressman Randy "Duke" Cunningham.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Guilty
Duke Cunningham (R-CA) (100 months)
Kyle Foggo
Robert Fromm
Thomas Kontogiannis
Mitchell Wade
Brent Wilkes
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indicted
John T. Michael
[edit] Involvement with the Cunningham Scandal
Main article: Duke Cunningham
As The Washington Post put it, "Wilkes was an obscure California contractor and lobbyist until his name surfaced last year as one of two defense contractors alleged to have given Cunningham $2.4 million in cash and other benefits in return for Cunningham's steering government business their way. One of Wilkes's companies received more than $80 million in Pentagon contracts over the past decade that stemmed from earmarks that Cunningham slipped into spending bills."[1]
[edit] Benefits to Wilkes
In 1995 Wilkes started ADCS Inc., or "Automated Document Conversion Systems." With Cunningham's help, he began winning contracts from the Pentagon. Wilkes got a $1 million Pentagon contract in 1997, which Cunningham proclaimed "an asset" to San Diego. In 1999, ADCS, Inc. was awarded a $9.7 million contract to convert documents related to the Panama Canal Zone. Subsequently, the company began collecting more than $20 million a year in defense business."[1]
The military never asked for the ADCS projects. In 2000, a report by the Pentagon's inspector general said of the company's biggest project, a $9.7 million contract to convert documents in Panama, that the program was created under pressure from two congressmen. Pentagon procurement officials identified the two as Cunningham and Duncan Hunter (R-Calif), chairman of the Armed Services Committee, to whom Wilkes had also donated heavily.[2]
[edit] Favors from Wilkes
In return, Wilkes rented hospitality suites at the Watergate Hotel and at the Westin Grand Hotel for Cunningham and other legislators and their guests. Wilkes hired Shirlington Limousine & Transportation Service of Virginia beginning in 1990 for entertainment at the Watergate Hotel. In 2005, the Department of Homeland Security granted Shirlington a $21 million contract. According to reports in the Wall Street Journal and the San Diego Union-Tribune, prostitutes regularly accompanied guests at the suites. Allegedly, admitted Cunningham briber Mitchell Wade told prosecutors that Wilkes had set up a prostitution ring through Shirlington and would procure prostitutes for Cunningham on demand.[3]
[edit] Criminal proceedings
On November 28, 2005 Cunningham pled guilty, and on March 3, 2006, U.S. District Judge Larry A. Burns sentenced Cunningham to 100 months (eight years and four months) in prison, the longest ever given to a former member of Congress.[4] The plea agreement mentioned four co-conspirators along with Cunningham: Wilkes, Mitchell Wade; New York businessman Thomas Kontogiannis (whom United States Coast Guard records show was involved in a questionable boat deal with Cunningham); and John T. Michael, Kontogiannis' nephew. The nephew is the owner of a New York-based mortgage company Coastal Capital Corp. Property records show the company made $1.15 million in real estate loans to Cunningham, two of which were used in the purchase of his Rancho Santa Fe mansion. Court records show that Wade paid off one of those loans.[5]
On February 13, 2007 Wilkes and Foggo were indicted on ten charges of conspiracy. In addition, Wilkes was indicted on charges of conspiracy, bribery, money laundering and unlawful monetary transactions to Cunningham in return for government contracts.
On May 10, 2007 Wilkes, Foggo, and Michael were indicted on new charges which superseded the previous indictments. Wilkes and Foggo were charged with thirty counts of fraud, conspiracy and money laundering. In addition Michael was added to the indictment against Wilkes for bribing Cunningham.[6]
On November 5, 2007 Wilkes was convicted of 13 felonies for bribing former congressman Randy “Duke” Cunningham with expensive meals, trips, a yacht and mortgage payments for his Rancho Santa Fe mansion in exchange for lucrative government defense contracts.[7]
On January 21, 2008 Federal Probation Officials recommended a 60 year sentence. Wilkes was scheduled to be sentenced on January 21st, but that has been put off until February 19th at the request of his lawyer, Mark Geragos. In court papers, Geragos said he needed more time to analyze and challenge the report from the federal probation office, which he received January 15th – later than required under court rules.
On February 19, 2008 Wilkes was sentenced to 12 years in federal prison, a term much shorter than the sentence recommended by the prosecution.[8]
[edit] PerfectWave involvement with other Congressmen
After the release of the Pentagon report which criticized ADCS, Wilkes and a business associate, Max Gelwix, established PerfectWave Technologies LLC, which was trying to perfect a way to delete background noise from radio communications. PerfectWave and ADCS, plus Wilkes himself, owned a company called Group W Advisers, which sought government contracts and earmarks in defense appropriations bills.
[edit] DeLay and Doolittle
Effective as of April 1, 2002, Group W Advisers hired the Alexander Strategy Group, a lobby group run by Ed Buckham, the former chief of staff and spiritual advisor to then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay, and Tony Rudy, DeLay's former deputy chief of staff. (DeLay's wife, Christine, was working at the firm's office at the time. So was Representative John Doolittle's wife, Julie.) Wilkes and his friends donated heavily to DeLay, Rep. Roy Blunt (R-Mo.) and Doolittle (R-Calif.). For example, by mid-April 2002, Wilkes, his executives and ADCS had donated $45,000 to ARMPAC so one of their executives could play golf with DeLay, Federal Election Commission records show.[citation needed]
Doolittle acknowledges steering money to PerfectWave but denies doing anything wrong. In a statement last month, he said his backing for PerfectWave was "based solely on the project's merits and the written support of the military.' But the only evidence Doolittle's office could provide to show military support for the project was a letter of praise from Robert Lusardi, a program manager for light armored vehicles at the Marine Corps dated February 25 – two and a half years after PerfectWave got its first earmark. By the time Lusardi wrote his letter, the company had received at least $37 million in earmarks."[2]
[edit] Representative Lewis
Main article: Jerry Lewis - Lowery lobbying firm controversy
Wilkes also hired the lobbying firm of Copeland Lowery Jacquez Denton & White, where former U.S. Congressman Bill Lowery was a partner from 1993 to 2006. Lowery was close friends with Congressman Jerry Lewis (R-CA).
Since 1993, Wilkes and his associates gave Lewis $88,000 in contributions;[9] Lewis subsequently gave $56,000 of that to Habitat for Humanity.[10] Wilkes paid Copeland Lowery at least $385,000 in fees; by 2005, the firm's fees had increased to $25,000 a month.[11][12]
In January 1999, Lewis became chairman of the Defense Appropriations Subcommittee. In January 2005 he became chairman of the House Appropriations Committee.
In an August 2006 interview, Wilkes said he considered dropping the firm, but that Lowery threatened to block future projects if their relationship ended. Wilkes said Lowery had warned several times that doing so could prompt Lewis to cut off earmarks, saying, “You don’t want me telling those guys on the committee that you are moving on without me.” That meant, Wilkes said, "I’d be out of business."[13]
In early 2006, Lewis has said that he barely knew Wilkes and that he did not remember seeing him in nearly a decade. But Wilkes says their relationship was closer than that. Ever since they went on a scuba-diving trip together in 1993, he said, Lewis had referred to him as his "diving buddy." They occasionally dined together or met at political functions, Wilkes said. At a Las Vegas fund-raiser in April 2005, Wilkes said, Lewis greeted him as "Brento" and hugged him as Wilkes surprised Lewis with $25,000 in campaign contributions.[13]
[edit] Current status
PerfectWave and Wilkes are still under investigation, as is Lewis.
[edit] Involvement with the CIA
In March 2006 the CIA announced that it was investigating the connection between Wilkes and the agency's No. 3 official, Kyle "Dusty" Foggo, and whether Foggo helped Wilkes gain CIA contracts. By May, it was reported the FBI was also investigating. The reports were confirmed by a May 12, 2006 raid on his Vienna, Virginia home.
Foggo and Wilkes attended school together at Hilltop High School in Chula Vista and San Diego State University, served as best men in each other's weddings, named their sons after each other, and shared a wine locker at the Capital Grille in Washington D.C., a favorite lobbyists' retreat.[14]
Speaking on CNN, former Congressman Bob Barr (R-GA) suggested the corruption scandal as a possible reason behind CIA director Porter Goss's resignation.[15]
In May, the day after Goss' resignation, New York Daily News reported
The investigations have focused on the Watergate poker parties thrown by defense contractor Brent Wilkes, a high-school buddy of Foggo's, that were attended by disgraced former Rep. Randy (Duke) Cunningham and other lawmakers. Foggo has claimed he went to the parties "just for poker" amid allegations that Wilkes, a top GOP fund-raiser and a member of the $100,000 "Pioneers" of Bush's 2004 reelection campaign, provided prostitutes, limos and hotel suites to Cunningham.... Wilkes hosted regular parties for 15 years at the Watergate and Westin Grand Hotels for lawmakers and lobbyists. Intelligence sources said Goss has denied attending the parties as CIA director, but that left open whether he may have attended as a Republican congressman from Florida who was head of the House Intelligence Committee.[16]
[edit] Connections to Tom DeLay money laundering case
AP reported that "Wilkes has been subpoenaed in the money-laundering case against former House Majority Leader Tom DeLay, R-Texas. Prosecutors want to hear from Wilkes about a contribution to a DeLay fundraising committee at the center of the investigation that led to indictments that pushed the GOP leader from office".[17] Additionally, as noted above, Wilkes' company, Group W Advisers, hired the Alexander Strategy Group that employed DeLay's wife to lobby for acoustic technology for the Navy.
[edit] Illegal contributions in Mayoral race
In November 2005, the California state's watchdog agency, the Fair Political Practices Commission, filed a complaint against Wilkes. The substance of the complaint is that Wilkes attempted to circumvent San Diego's limit on individual campaign contributions with "straw contributions" (i.e., reimbursing others for their contributions). The complaint noted that 22 of his employees as ADCS or relatives of his employees gave $250 each to the 2002 San Diego mayoral campaign of Ron Roberts. The complaint was not released until July 2006 after receiving a public-records act request.[18]
[edit] References
^ a b Earmarks Became Contractor's Business Charles R. Babcock, Washington Post, February 20, 2006
^ a b The power of persuasion, Dean Calbreath, San
Sam Donaldson's Digits in DC Madam's Black Book
The Huffington Post
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2007/11/12/sam-donaldsons-digits-in_n_72186.html?view=print
January 29, 2009
Sam Donaldson's Digits In DC Madam's Black Book
Radar | Steve Huff | November 12, 2007 10:17 AM
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Read More: DC Madam, Jeane Palfrey, Sam Donaldson, Sam Donaldson DC Madam, Breaking Media News
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Buzz up!on Yahoo!Once upon a time in D.C. there was a Madam named Debra. The boys under the Dome loved her milkshakes and they formed a line in her yard. Soon a scandal erupted, and to the long list of politicos found peppered in Deborah Jeane Palfrey's phone records, a certain infamously combed-over newsman from the very network that broke much of the story was included as well.
Maybe one of Sam Donaldson's phone numbers allegedly showing up in Ms. Palfrey's immense list of ungentlemanly callers was part of the reason ABC's coverage of the Madam's story was ultimately rather, uh, flaccid.
Comments for this post are now closed
The ONLY solution is to enforce The Plan against the traitorous N. W. O. Zion-Nazi mass-murder, inside-job perpetrators of OKC, 911, Bali, 7/7/2005 and the phoney War on Terror and Freedom, and reinstate God's Perfect Laws of Liberty and bring the perpetrators to Justice.
A positive attitude may not solve all your problems, but it will annoy enough people to make it worth the effort.
~Herm Albright~
"I have three precious things which I hold fast and prize. The first is gentleness; the second is frugality; the third is humility, which keeps me from putting myself before others. Be gentle and you can be bold; be frugal and you can be liberal; avoid putting yourself before others and you can become a leader among men."
Geometrically Ordered Divinity (G.O.D.)
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2007/11/12/sam-donaldsons-digits-in_n_72186.html?view=print
January 29, 2009
Sam Donaldson's Digits In DC Madam's Black Book
Radar | Steve Huff | November 12, 2007 10:17 AM
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Read More: DC Madam, Jeane Palfrey, Sam Donaldson, Sam Donaldson DC Madam, Breaking Media News
Read
Comments
Buzz up!on Yahoo!Once upon a time in D.C. there was a Madam named Debra. The boys under the Dome loved her milkshakes and they formed a line in her yard. Soon a scandal erupted, and to the long list of politicos found peppered in Deborah Jeane Palfrey's phone records, a certain infamously combed-over newsman from the very network that broke much of the story was included as well.
Maybe one of Sam Donaldson's phone numbers allegedly showing up in Ms. Palfrey's immense list of ungentlemanly callers was part of the reason ABC's coverage of the Madam's story was ultimately rather, uh, flaccid.
Comments for this post are now closed
The ONLY solution is to enforce The Plan against the traitorous N. W. O. Zion-Nazi mass-murder, inside-job perpetrators of OKC, 911, Bali, 7/7/2005 and the phoney War on Terror and Freedom, and reinstate God's Perfect Laws of Liberty and bring the perpetrators to Justice.
A positive attitude may not solve all your problems, but it will annoy enough people to make it worth the effort.
~Herm Albright~
"I have three precious things which I hold fast and prize. The first is gentleness; the second is frugality; the third is humility, which keeps me from putting myself before others. Be gentle and you can be bold; be frugal and you can be liberal; avoid putting yourself before others and you can become a leader among men."
Geometrically Ordered Divinity (G.O.D.)
Mental Health Links/NASMHPD's Mental Health Glossary
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The ONLY solution is to enforce The Plan against the traitorous N. W. O. Zion-Nazi mass-murder, inside-job perpetrators of OKC, 911, Bali, 7/7/2005 and the phoney War on Terror and Freedom, and reinstate God's Perfect Laws of Liberty and bring the perpetrators to Justice.
A positive attitude may not solve all your problems, but it will annoy enough people to make it worth the effort.
~Herm Albright~
"I have three precious things which I hold fast and prize. The first is gentleness; the second is frugality; the third is humility, which keeps me from putting myself before others. Be gentle and you can be bold; be frugal and you can be liberal; avoid putting yourself before others and you can become a leader among men."
Geometrically Ordered Divinity (G.O.D.)
Mental Health Links
NASMHPD's Mental Health Glossary
Federal Web Sites
State Mental Health Agencies
CMHS Research, Training and Technical Assistance Centers
Other Mental Health Web Sites
Other Web Sites
Non NASMHPD Publications
Federal Web Sites:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
HHS Online Employee Directory
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS)
Systems of Care Site
Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP)
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Get Fit
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State Mental Health Agencies:
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Alaska Division of Behavioral Health
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Virgin Islands Department of Mental Health, Alcoholism, and Drug Dependency Services
Washington Department of Social and Health Services
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Wyoming Mental Health Division
CMHS/ Other Federal Agency Research, Training and Technical Assistance Centers:
Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation Center
Center for Support of Mental Health Services in Isolated Rural Areas
Consumer Organization and Networking Technical Assistance Center (CONTAC)
The Evaluation Center at HSRI
National Center for American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research
National Consumer Supporter Technical Assistance Center
The National GAINS Center for People with Co-Occurring Disorders in the Justice System
National Empowerment Center (NEC)
National Indian Child Welfare Association (NICWA)
National Mental Health Consumers' Self-Help Clearinghouse
National PACT Center, National Alliance for the Mentally Ill
National Resource Center on Homelessness and Mental Illness
National Research and Training Center on Psychiatric Disability and Peer Support
National Technical Assistance Center for Children's Mental Health at Georgetown University
Projects for Assistance in Transition from Homelessness (PATH) Technical Assistance Center
Research and Training Center for Children's Mental Health
Research and Training Center on Family Support and Children's Mental Health
SAMHSA's National Mental Health Information Center
Technical Assistance Partnership for Child and Family Mental Health
Center on the Social Emotional Foundations for Early Learning (CSEFEL)
Technical Assistance Center on Social Emotional Interventions (TACSEI)
Other Mental Health Web Sites:
The Resource Center to Address Discrimination and Stigma (ADS Center)
Alliance fo the Safe, Therapeutic and Appropriate Use of Residential Treatment (A START)
American Association of Community Psychiatrists
American Psychiatric Association (APA)
American Psychological Association (APA)
American Psychiatric Nurses Association (APNA)
Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law
Campaign for Mental Health Reform
CHADD - Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Collaborative for Conflict Management in Mental Health
Criminal Justice / Mental Health Consensus Project
Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA)
Federation of Families for Children's Mental Health
First Nations Behavioral Health Association
Gift from Within - PTSD Resources for Survivors and Caregivers
Mental Health America (formerly the National Mental Health Association)
Mental Health Liaison Group (MHLG)
Mental Health Part D
Mental Health Statistics Improvement Program Online
Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research
NAMI (National Alliance for the Mentally Ill)
National Alliance of Multi-Ethnic Behavioral Health Associations
National Asian American Pacific Islander Mental Health Association
National Association of County Behavioral Health and Developmental Disability Directors (NACBHD)
National Association of Mental Health Planning and Advisory Councils (NAMHPAC)
NASMHPD Research Institute, Inc. (NRI)
National Assocation of Reimbursement Officers (NARO)
National Coalition for Mental Health Consumer/Survivor Organizations
National Center for Mental Health and Juvenile Justice
National Council for Community Behavioral Healthcare (NCCBH)
National Healthcare Cost and Quality Association
National Latino Behavioral Health Association (NLBHA)
National Leadership Council on African American Behavioral Health, Inc.
National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (1-800-273-TALK)
Network of Care for Mental Health
Suicide Prevention Action Network USA (SPANUSA)
Suicide Prevention Resource Center (SPRC)
US Psychiatric Rehabilitation Association (USPRA, formerly IAPSRS)
Other Web Sites:
American Public Human Services Association (APHSA)
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO)
Campaign for Children's Health Care
Child Welfare League of America (CWLA)
Consortium for Citizens with Disabilities (CCD)
Council of State Administrators of Vocational Rehabilitation (CSAVR)
Council of State Governments (CSG)
Re-Entry Policy Council (RPC)
The Finance Project / Welfare Information Network (WIN)
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO)
Legal Action Center
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National Association of State Directors of Special Education (NASDSE)
National Association of State Medicaid Directors (NASMD)
National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL)
National Disability Rights Network
National Governors Association (NGA)
The ONLY solution is to enforce The Plan against the traitorous N. W. O. Zion-Nazi mass-murder, inside-job perpetrators of OKC, 911, Bali, 7/7/2005 and the phoney War on Terror and Freedom, and reinstate God's Perfect Laws of Liberty and bring the perpetrators to Justice.
A positive attitude may not solve all your problems, but it will annoy enough people to make it worth the effort.
~Herm Albright~
"I have three precious things which I hold fast and prize. The first is gentleness; the second is frugality; the third is humility, which keeps me from putting myself before others. Be gentle and you can be bold; be frugal and you can be liberal; avoid putting yourself before others and you can become a leader among men."
Geometrically Ordered Divinity (G.O.D.)
Monday, January 19, 2009
Interface metaphor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An Interface metaphor is a set of user interface visuals, actions and procedures that exploit specific knowledge that users already have of other domains. The purpose of the interface metaphor is to give the user instantaneous knowledge about how to interact with the user interface.
The folders and the file cabinet representation of the file system of an operating system is an example of Interface metaphor. Another example is the tree view representation of a file system, as in Windows Explorer, that helps a user to intuitively use it.
Contents [hide]
1 Functional definition
2 Generation of metaphors
2.1 Historical contributions
2.2 Recent findings
3 Evaluation
4 References
5 See also
6 External links
[edit] Functional definition
Interface metaphors are designed to be similar to physical entities but also have their own properties (e.g., desktop metaphor and web portals).
They can be based on an activity, an object, or a combination of both. They work with users' familiar knowledge to help them understand ‘the unfamiliar.’ They conjure up the essence of the unfamiliar activity, but they put it in terms users are better able to understand.
[edit] Generation of metaphors
[edit] Historical contributions
In the mid-twentieth century, computers were extremely rare and used only by specialists. They were equipped with complicated interfaces comprehensible only to these select few. In 1968, Douglas Englebart gave a demonstration which astonished executives at Xerox. [1] They began work on what would eventually become the Xerox Alto. In 1973 Xerox completed work on the first personal computer, the Xerox Alto, which had a sophisticated graphical user interface involving windows, icons, a mouse and a pointer. (WIMP) [2]
Unfortunately, the Xerox Alto, and its successor the Xerox Star were far too expensive for the average consumer, and suffered from poor marketing. In 1984 Apple Computer launched the Apple Macintosh, which was the first affordable and commercially successful personal computer to include a graphical user interface (GUI). The Macintosh was the second Apple Computer to ship with a graphical user interface, with the Apple Lisa being the first. [3]
In 1985, Microsoft released Microsoft Windows which bore a striking resemblance to both Macintosh, and to the Alto's interface. Microsoft Windows eventually overtook Apple in the PC market to become the predominant GUI. [4]
[edit] Recent findings
Interface metaphors have come a long way since they were first used. Recently, it has been predicted that the latest metaphors will come from life sciences. Others may come from health care or other industries, as they are going to become information-dense environments. An interface for a next-generation technology might come from the gaming world, where quick visualization metaphors will be.
A downside to changing interface metaphors on a constant basis is that the owners of software with many users are reluctant to make big changes, and their interfaces tend to evolve incrementally and to keep their familiar look and familiarity.
[edit] Evaluation
Software designers attempt to make computer applications easier to use for both novice and expert users by creating concrete metaphors that resemble the users' real-world experiences. Continual technological improvement has made metaphors depict these real-world experiences more realistically to ultimately enhance interface performance.
Beginning users, however, could use a sort of help box, because the metaphor not always going to be clear enough for them to understand, no matter how much effort its programmers devote to making it resemble something the users understand.
Experts, on the other hand, understand what is going on with the technical aspects of an interface metaphor. They know what they want to do and they know how to do it—-they could just use a way to do it faster, so they could use shortcuts.
While the concept behind interface metaphors appears simple (to promote more efficient facilitation of a computer), a lack of empirical evidence exists to support these claims. Little research has actually been completed that demonstrates the benefits of implementing metaphors in computer systems as well as what makes a metaphor most effective. Therefore, it is imperative that more research be done to discover how to further improve interface metaphors so that both novice and expert computer users are able to increase their performance.
An Interface metaphor is a set of user interface visuals, actions and procedures that exploit specific knowledge that users already have of other domains. The purpose of the interface metaphor is to give the user instantaneous knowledge about how to interact with the user interface.
The folders and the file cabinet representation of the file system of an operating system is an example of Interface metaphor. Another example is the tree view representation of a file system, as in Windows Explorer, that helps a user to intuitively use it.
Contents [hide]
1 Functional definition
2 Generation of metaphors
2.1 Historical contributions
2.2 Recent findings
3 Evaluation
4 References
5 See also
6 External links
[edit] Functional definition
Interface metaphors are designed to be similar to physical entities but also have their own properties (e.g., desktop metaphor and web portals).
They can be based on an activity, an object, or a combination of both. They work with users' familiar knowledge to help them understand ‘the unfamiliar.’ They conjure up the essence of the unfamiliar activity, but they put it in terms users are better able to understand.
[edit] Generation of metaphors
[edit] Historical contributions
In the mid-twentieth century, computers were extremely rare and used only by specialists. They were equipped with complicated interfaces comprehensible only to these select few. In 1968, Douglas Englebart gave a demonstration which astonished executives at Xerox. [1] They began work on what would eventually become the Xerox Alto. In 1973 Xerox completed work on the first personal computer, the Xerox Alto, which had a sophisticated graphical user interface involving windows, icons, a mouse and a pointer. (WIMP) [2]
Unfortunately, the Xerox Alto, and its successor the Xerox Star were far too expensive for the average consumer, and suffered from poor marketing. In 1984 Apple Computer launched the Apple Macintosh, which was the first affordable and commercially successful personal computer to include a graphical user interface (GUI). The Macintosh was the second Apple Computer to ship with a graphical user interface, with the Apple Lisa being the first. [3]
In 1985, Microsoft released Microsoft Windows which bore a striking resemblance to both Macintosh, and to the Alto's interface. Microsoft Windows eventually overtook Apple in the PC market to become the predominant GUI. [4]
[edit] Recent findings
Interface metaphors have come a long way since they were first used. Recently, it has been predicted that the latest metaphors will come from life sciences. Others may come from health care or other industries, as they are going to become information-dense environments. An interface for a next-generation technology might come from the gaming world, where quick visualization metaphors will be.
A downside to changing interface metaphors on a constant basis is that the owners of software with many users are reluctant to make big changes, and their interfaces tend to evolve incrementally and to keep their familiar look and familiarity.
[edit] Evaluation
Software designers attempt to make computer applications easier to use for both novice and expert users by creating concrete metaphors that resemble the users' real-world experiences. Continual technological improvement has made metaphors depict these real-world experiences more realistically to ultimately enhance interface performance.
Beginning users, however, could use a sort of help box, because the metaphor not always going to be clear enough for them to understand, no matter how much effort its programmers devote to making it resemble something the users understand.
Experts, on the other hand, understand what is going on with the technical aspects of an interface metaphor. They know what they want to do and they know how to do it—-they could just use a way to do it faster, so they could use shortcuts.
While the concept behind interface metaphors appears simple (to promote more efficient facilitation of a computer), a lack of empirical evidence exists to support these claims. Little research has actually been completed that demonstrates the benefits of implementing metaphors in computer systems as well as what makes a metaphor most effective. Therefore, it is imperative that more research be done to discover how to further improve interface metaphors so that both novice and expert computer users are able to increase their performance.
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