http://shine.yahoo.com/channel/life/5-behaviors-of-manipulative-people-549848/I
5 Behaviors of Manipulative People
Many of us like to think the best of people. We like to think that they shoot straight and are forthright in their intentions. We also like to believe that they will ask for what they want and not resort to crazy tactics to get it. Unfortunately, however, there are times when we come across those who will do whatever it takes to get what they want…including manipulation. Being manipulated never feels good, but the worst part of manipulation is that often, we don’t even realize that it is happening. Here are a few ways to know if someone is trying to manipulate you:
Buttering You Up: To get their way, manipulators will often make you feel good so that they can then ask you to do something that they want. The person may first compliment you or tell you what a wonderful job you did on something. Making you feel good will, in their mind, make it difficult for you to say no…after all, you wouldn’t want to disappoint them or give them reason to think you didn’t deserve the compliment in the first place. What you can do: Return the compliments and the niceties before saying no.
Guilt: This doesn’t only pertain to Catholics and Jewish Mothers; guilt trips have been a successful manipulation tactic for centuries. The saddest part of this strategy is that the victims of this tactic succumb to the manipulators’ demands because they feel they HAVE to, not because they WANT to. In personal relationships, this sets up a co-dependency that is extremely unhealthy. What you can do: Ask the individual if they want you to do something because you have to or because you want to. If they say they want you to want to do it, tell them that you don’t and that they are trying to force you into something you don’t feel comfortable with.
Broken Record: Probably the most obvious of formats is the broken record tactic. If a person asks you enough or pushes their agenda enough…constantly repeating the question or request over and over again…in slightly different ways, the victim will inevitably give in and give them what they want. Oye! What you can do: Ask the individual what they don’t understand about the word “no.” Tell them that asking you over and over again isn’t going to change anything and that they are inappropriately over-stepping boundaries.
Selective Memory: This one gets me the most. You swear you have a conversation about a plan and everyone is on the same page, and then one day, the manipulator pretends to remember the conversation completely differently, if at all. What you can do: Record your conversations…seriously! Okay, maybe not. At least have a witness that you can count on to back you up if the person pulls this shenanigan. Call them out on the fact that they conveniently change the game to fit their needs.
Bullying: If a person doesn’t get their way, they make you out to look or feel like the bad guy…like you are the wrong one. What you can do: Be firm and tell them that their bullying tactics are inappropriate and unacceptable.
Keep your eyes open for these behaviors and continue to stand your ground to ensure that you aren’t a victim of manipulation. Have you seen any other types of manipulative behavior?
Monday, December 14, 2009
Sunday, December 13, 2009
What is the Hockey Stick Debate About (Climategate)
Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About?" April 4, 2005
What is the ‘Hockey Stick’ Debate About?
Ross McKitrick*
Department of Economics
University of Guelph
April 4 2005
http://www.uoguelph.ca/~rmckitri/research/McKitrick-hockeystick.pdf
Abstract
The hockey stick debate is about two things. At a technical level it concerns a well-known study that characterized the state of the Earth’s climate over the past thousand years and seemed to prove a recent and unprecedented global warming. I will explain how the study got the results it did, examine some key flaws in the methodology and explain why the conclusions are unsupported by the data. At the political level the emerging debate is about whether the enormous international trust that has been placed in the IPCC was betrayed. The hockey stick story reveals that the IPCC allowed a deeply flawed study to dominate the Third Assessment Report, which suggests the possibility of bias in the Report-writing process. In view of the massive global influence of IPCC Reports, there is an urgent need to bias-proof future assessments in order to put climate policy onto a new foundation that will better serve the public interest.
1 Introduction
The hockey stick graph appears to show that the Earth’s climate was very stable from AD1000 to 1900, then suddenly began to change, with temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere rising dramatically. It was central to the 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR) from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It appears as Figure 1b in the Working Group 1 Summary for Policymakers, Figure 5 in the Technical Summary, twice in Chapter 2 (Figures 2-20 and 2-21) of the main report, and Figures 2-3 and
* Invited Special Presentation to the Conference "Managing Climate Change—Practicalities and Realities in a Post-Kyoto Future," Parliament House, Canberra Australia. My thanks to: the hosts, The Australia Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Study Centre at Monash University, and Alan Oxley for the invitation to make this presentation. 4/19/05: Correction of some typos. 7/22/05: Corrected IPCC 1995 ref. on p.5 to IPCC 1990. 10/18/05: Correction of minor grammar and punctuation.
1Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
9-1B in the Synthesis Report. Referring to this figure, the IPCC Summary for Policymakers (p. 3) claimed it is likely "that the 1990s has been the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year of the millennium" for the Northern Hemisphere.
In appreciating the promotional aspect of this graph, observe not only the number of times it appears, but its size and colourful prominence every time it is shown. This can best be seen by comparing its presentation with that of another equally-important climate data series, the global average of tropospheric temperatures as developed by Christie and Spencer using weather satellites.1 The two data series have been of central importance in debates over climate science in recent years and both convey information with potentially pivotal implications. Yet the graph of satellite-measured tropospheric data was omitted altogether from the Summary for Policymakers. It does appear in the Technical Summary, but only in a relatively small panel (TS Figure 4a) in black-and-white, overlaid with surface data and weather balloon data in such a way that it is hard to see where the MSU series actually starts. And it is immediately followed by a full-colour hockey stick occupying over half the next (facing) page. On the following page I reproduce the page sequence from the IPCC Technical Summary. The contrast is obvious. Like a magician misdirecting the audience’s attention, the IPCC drew attention towards the hockey stick. They may argue in hindsight that they had good reason for this strategic emphasis, but they cannot deny that there was deliberate editorial sleight-of-hand, and readers may in hindsight feel a justifiable sense of having been tricked.
The implicit message concerning the importance of the hockey stick evidence was not lost on the IPCC clientele, as evidenced by its heavy subsequent promotion. When the TAR was released in January 2001, Canada’s Chief Climate Science Advisor, Henry Hengeveld, gave his reaction in an interview for an article in the Toronto Globe and Mail (emphasis added).2
"This gives a fairly clear signal that this isn't just a future issue, it's happening now," Mr. Hengeveld said. Among the strongest evidence is the fact that the past century has likely been the warmest in the Northern Hemisphere in the past millennium, he said. Not only that, the 1990s ranked as the warmest decade of the millennium, and 1998 was the warmest year of the millennium in the Northern Hemisphere, which is where most of their data have been acquired.
The Government of Canada subsequently sent the hockey stick (but not the satellite data) to schools across the country, and its famous conclusion about the 1990s being the warmest decade of the millennium was the opening line of a pamphlet sent to every household in Canada to promote the Kyoto Protocol. A Google search, or simply a browse to a randomly-chosen government environment ministry web site, will reveal it to be ubiquitous and primary whenever evidence is adduced for global warming or for plumping up support for Kyoto.
1 See http://www.ghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/MSU/msusci.html.
2 Alanna Mitchell, "Scientists raise alarm of climate catastrophe." Globe and Mail January 22, 2001.
2Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
Figure 1: Extract of IPCC Technical Summary pages 28-29. Note the relative visual roles of the MSU tropospheric data and the Hockey Stick.
In the aftermath of the hockey stick’s demolition, some scientists connected to the IPCC have tried to insist that it actually didn’t matter that much to their case. Any such attempt to downplay the influence of the graph flies in the face of the print record. Without it the TAR would have been a very different document, it would not have been able to conclude what it did, nor could the IPCC have convinced world leaders to take the actions they subsequently took.
In light of its singular role, and in light of the enormous trust placed by governments around the world in the IPCC, we should expect they took some pains to ensure the graph’s validity. IPCC leaders have boasted at length about their rigorous multi-stage review process,3 they have urged world leaders to place the greatest trust in their Report, and they have summarily dismissed criticism on the grounds that their Assessment contains the "consensus" view of all qualified climate scientists around the world.
We must evaluate the rigour of the IPCC quality control process, not by the elaborateness of the stated procedures, but by the contents of its Reports. As I will show, the hockey stick paper was deeply flawed 3
3 See, for instance, "Consensus Science or Consensus Politics?" Nature 412 12 July 2001 112—114.
Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
and it contradicted other credible evidence then appearing in the scientific literature. The flaws could have been discovered during the review process under even the most elementary fact-checking. Yet the review process not only allowed this paper through, but made it front-and-centre in the final Report. The question then is not whether the IPCC review process is flawed: we can no longer conclude otherwise. The question is how to bias-proof future Reports in order to put policy onto a new foundation that will better serve the public interest.
The hockey stick debate is thus about two things. At a technical level it is about flaws in methodology and erroneous results in a scientific paper. But at the political level the debate is about whether the IPCC betrayed the trust of governments around the world. If the hockey stick incident was truly inadvertent, we can expect the IPCC would, in good faith, be fully supportive of new mechanisms to bias-proof its future reporting-writing process.
2 The Lead-up to the Mann Hockey Stick
Scientists try to discern local climate histories over past centuries using various techniques, including temperature proxies and ground borehole temperature data. "Proxies" include a wide range of measures that are, potentially, sensitive to local temperature trends, such as tree ring widths. Boreholes drilled into the ground have a vertical temperature profile that can be inverted to yield an estimate of the historical temperature sequence at the surface.
In the mid-1990s the use of ground boreholes as a clue to paleoclimate history was becoming well-established. In 1995 David Deming, a geoscientist at the University of Oklahoma, published a study in Science4 that demonstrated the technique by generating a 150-year climate history for North America. Here, in his own words, is what happened next.
With the publication of the article in Science, I gained significant credibility in the community of scientists working on climate change. They thought I was one of them, someone who would pervert science in the service of social and political causes. So one of them let his guard down. A major person working in the area of climate change and global warming sent me an astonishing email that said "We have to get rid of the Medieval Warm Period."5
The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is an interval from approximately AD1000 to AD1300 during which many places around the world exhibited conditions that seem warm compared to today. In the 1990 First
4 Deming, D. (1995). "Climatic Warming in North America: Analysis of Borehole Temperatures." Science 268, 1576-1577.
5 David Deming (2005) "Global Warming, the Politicization of Science, and Michael Crichton's State of Fear." Forthcoming, Journal of Scientific Exploration, v.19, no.2.
4Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
Assessment Report of the IPCC, there was no hockey stick. Instead the millennial climate history contained a MWP and a subsequent Little Ice Age, as shown as in Figure 3. The late 20th century appears to be nothing special by comparison. It is easy to see why this graph was a problem for those pushing the global warming alarm. If the world could warm so much on such a short time scale as a result of natural causes, surely the 20th century climate change could simply be a natural effect as well. And the present climate change could hardly be considered unusually hazardous if even larger climate changes happened in the recent past, and we are simply fluctuating in the middle of what nature regularly dishes out.
Figure 3: World Climate History According to IPCC in 1990.
Those wanting to "get rid of" the MWP run into the problem that it shows up strongly in the data. Shortly after Deming’s article appeared, a group led by Shaopeng Huang of the University of Michigan completed a major analysis of over 6,000 borehole records from every continent around the world. Their study went back 20,000 years. The portion covering the last millennium is shown in Figure 4. The similarity to the IPCC’s 1990 graph is obvious. The world experienced a "warm" interval in the medieval era that dwarfs 20th century changes. The present-day climate appears to be simply a recovery from the cold years of the "Little Ice Age."
5Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
Figure 4. World Climate History after AD1,000 according to ground borehole evidence.
Vertical axis: average anomalies in oC, with range indicating Bayesian probability boundaries.
Source: Huang et al. (1998); data supplied by Huang.
Huang and coauthors published their findings in Geophysical Research Letters6 in 1997. The next year, Nature published the first Mann hockey stick paper, commonly called "MBH98."7 Mann et al. followed up in 1999 with a paper in GRL ("MBH99") extending their results from AD1400 back to AD1000.8 In early 2000 the IPCC released the first draft of the TAR. The hockey stick was the only paleoclimate reconstruction shown in the Summary, and was the only one in the whole report to be singled out for repeated presentation. The borehole data received a brief mention in Chapter 2 but the Huang et al. graph was not shown. A small graph of borehole data was, taken from another study and based on a smaller sample, was shown in a post-1500 segment, which, conveniently, trended upwards.
As soon as the IPCC Report came out, the hockey stick version of climate history became canonical. Suddenly it was the "consensus" view, and for the next few years it seemed that anyone publicly questioning the result was in for a ferocious reception.
6 Huang, Shaopeng, Henry N. Pollack and Po Yu Shen (1997). "Late Quaternary Temperature Changes Seen in Worldwide Continental Heat Flow Measurements." Geophysical Research Letters 24: 1947—1950.
7 Mann, M.E., Bradley, R.S. and Hughes, M.K., 1998. "Global-Scale Temperature Patterns and Climate Forcing Over the Past Six Centuries", Nature, 392, 779-787.
8 Mann, M.E., Bradley, R.S. and Hughes, M.K., "Northern Hemisphere Temperatures During the Past Millennium: Inferences, Uncertainties, and Limitations", Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 759-762, 1999.
6Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
3 The Making of the Mann Hockey Stick
3.1 The multiproxy method
Now to the technical details. Mann et al. called their method a "multiproxy" technique, since it combined a variety of proxies. The most numerous, and influential, proxies in their data set are tree ring chronologies. The method required mapping a large sample of proxies to a large sample of temperatures, and it encountered the mathematical problem that there are more equations than there are unknowns. So the dimensions of the data matrices had to be reduced.
Principal components analysis is a common tool for handling this. It involves replacing a group of series with a weighted average of those series, where the weights chosen so that the new vector (called the principal component or PC) explains as much of the variance of the original series as possible. This leaves a matrix of unexplained residuals, but this matrix can be reduced to a PC as well. In that case the original PC is called the first PC (PC1), and the PC of the residuals is called the second PC, or PC2. And there will be residuals from it too, yielding PC3, PC4, etc. The higher the number of the PC, the less important is the pattern it explains in the original data. PC1 is the dominant pattern, PC2 is the secondary pattern, etc. In many cases a large number of data series can be summarized with relatively few PCs.
MBH98 applied PC analysis to simplify both temperature and proxy data. For temperatures, they represent 1,082 series with 16 PCs. They used 112 proxies, of which 71 were individual records and 31 were PCs from 6 regional networks containing over 300 underlying series in total. The networks are from geographical regions with labels like "NOAMER" (North America) and "SWM" (Southwest-Mexico).
In the Spring of 2003, Stephen McIntyre requested the MBH98 data set from Mann. He is not a scientist or an economist, he was just curious how the graph was made and wanted to see if the raw data looked like hockey sticks too. After some delay Mann arranged provision of a file which was represented as the one used for MBH98. One of the first things Stephen discovered was that the PCs used in MBH98 could not be replicated. In the process of looking up all the data sources and re-building Mann’s data set from scratch, Steve discovered a quite a few errors concerning location labels, use of obsolete editions, unexplained truncations of available series, etc. Some of these had small effects on the final results, but replacing the PCs had a big effect. I joined the project in the late summer of 2003 and we published a paper9 in October 2003 explaining the errors we found in Mann’s data. We showed that when these errors were corrected the famous hockey stick disappeared.
In his initial response, Mann argued that we had studied the wrong data set—in other words that the one he provided had mistakes in it and we ought instead to have used one in a newly-identified FTP archive at his university. Over the next month we examined his FTP archive and discovered that, in fact, it
9 McIntyre, Steven and Ross McKitrick, (2003). "Corrections to the Mann et. al. (1998) Proxy Data Base and Northern Hemisphere Average Temperature Series." Environment and Energy 14(6) pp. 751-771.
7Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
corresponded almost exactly to the file we had originally been working with. However it differed in important ways from the description of the data set in the original Nature paper. We supplied a list of these discrepancies to Nature and after their own investigation they ordered a Corrigendum from Mann et al.10
Mann also objected that we did not exactly replicate his computational steps or sequence of proxy rosters. No one had ever replicated his results, and we now know others had tried but were also unsuccessful. To date we are the closest anyone has been able to come in print. We were not bothered by Mann’s response on this point, but it did seem pointless to differ over trivial issues. So we requested his computational code to eliminate these easily-resolved differences. To our surprise he refused to supply his computer code, a stance he maintains to today. As for the proxy sequence, in building his PCs it turns out he had spliced together a number of different series in order to handle segments with missing data in the earliest part of the analysis. This was not explained in his Nature paper so Steve had not implemented it in the emulation program. We requested identification of the splicing sequence, which Mann refused to provide, so Steve worked out an emulation as best he could. In the end nothing turned on it, though Mann continues to point to it as a knock against our efforts. It is still not possible to identify the final form of the data used in MBH98 since it requires forming sequences of spliced proxy PC segments and Mann has given conflicting counts of the number of underlying vectors involved. Still, Steve’s emulation program is very close to reproducing the original hockey stick, and is as close as anyone is able to get in the absence of cooperation from Mann and his colleagues.
3.2 The bent principal components
In our analysis of Mann’s FTP archive we found some remnant computer code files that turned out to be the Fortran routines he used to compute his principal components. In these we discovered why his PCs could not be replicated. In a conventional PC analysis, if the data are in differing units it is common to "standardize" them by subtracting the mean of each column and dividing by the standard error. This re-centers and re-scales all the data to a mean of zero and a variance of 1. With tree ring data no such re-scaling is needed since the data are pre-scaled before archiving.
In Mann’s program, he applied a scaling, but with a difference. Rather than subtract the mean of the entire series length, he subtracted the mean of the 20th century portion, then divided by the standard error of the 20th century portion.11 Most of his proxy series do not look like hockey sticks, they look like flat static, and since they don’t change in the 20th century this procedure did not make much difference. The mean of the last section is roughly the same as the mean of the whole series (as is the standard error) so either way of standardizing yields more or less the same result. But some of the series trend upwards in the 20th century. For these, the Mann method has a huge effect. Since the mean of the 20th century portion is higher than the mean of the whole series, subtracting the 20th century mean ‘de-centers’ the series, shifting it off a zero mean. This, in turn, inflates the variance of these series.
10 Mann, Bradley and Hughes (2004) Corrigendum, Nature July 1, 2004, page 105.
11 He also divided again by the detrended standard deviation, though this step is of little consequence.
8Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
Figure 5: Two tree ring chronologies from the MBH98 data set. Top: Sheep Mountain, CA, USA. Bottom: Mayberry Slough, AR, USA. Both series are the same length, but due to the 20th century trend in the top panel, Mann’s algorithm gives it 390 times the weight of the bottom series in the PC1.
PC algorithms choose weights to maximize the explained variance of a group of data series. If one series in the group has a relatively high variance, its weight in the PC1 gets inflated. The Mann algorithm did just this. It would, in effect, look through a data set and identify series with a 20th century trend, then load all the weight on them. In effect it ‘data-mines’ for hockey sticks.
Figure 5 gives an example of the effect. It shows 2 of the 90 full-length series in Mann’s data base. Both are part of the North America ("NOAMER") proxy roster, whose PC1 is the most influential series on the hockey stick’s final shape. The top panel is a tree ring chronology from a stand of bristlecone pines at Sheep Mountain, California. The bottom panel is a tree ring chronology from Mayberry Slough, Arkansas. In the bottom panel, the mean over the last 80 years is roughly equal to the mean for the previous 500 years, but in the top panel the post-1900 mean is above that for the pre-1900 portion. Mann’s algorithm gives 390 times as much weight to the top series as to the bottom series in the PC1.
Figure 6 shows the contrasting results. The top panel is the MBH98 PC1 for North America, which they call the "dominant pattern" in the data, and which has a distinct hockey stick shape. The second panel shows the simple average of the NOAMER proxies. Note that most proxies look more like Mayberry Slough—only a handful have the 20th century growth spurt. The third panel shows the PC1 computed using a common statistical package, in which the data are standardized in the usual way. It looks like the simple mean, indicating that the dominant pattern in the data does not have a hockey stick shape. I will explain the bottom panel ("Censored") shortly.
9Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
Figure 6. Top panel: PC1 of the post-1400 NOAMER tree ring network, calculated by MBH98 using short-segment standardization. Second panel: simple mean of proxies. Third panel: PC1 using standard software without short-segment standardization. Bottom panel: Unreported PC1 calculated by MBH after censoring Graybill-Idso high-altitude series. All normalized to 1902-1980.
To test the power of Mann’s data-mining algorithm we ran an experiment in which we developed sequences of random numbers tuned to have the same autocorrelation pattern as the NOAMER tree ring data. In an autocorrelated process a random shock takes a few periods to drift back to the mean. Initially we used a simple first-order autocorrelation model, but later we implemented a more sophisticated ARFIMA12 routine that more accurately represents the entire autocorrelation function associated with tree ring data. In statistics these kinds of models are called "red noise." The key point was that the ARFIMA data is trendless random noise, simulating the data you’d get from trees in a climate that is only subject to random fluctuations with no warming trend.
In 10,000 repetitions on groups of red noise, we found that a conventional PC algorithm almost never yielded a hockey stick shaped PC1, but the Mann algorithm yielded a pronounced hockey stick-shaped PC1 over 99% of the time. The reason is that in some of the red noise series there is a ‘pseudo-trend’ at the end, where a random shock causes the data to drift upwards, and before it can decay back to the mean 10
12 Autoregressive Fractionally-Integrated Moving Average.
Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
the series comes to an end. The Mann algorithm efficiently looks for those kinds of series and flags them for maximum weighting. It concludes that a hockey stick is the dominant pattern even in pure noise.
Figure 7. Seven panels are PC1’s from red noise data fed into MBH98 algorithm. One panel is the MBH98 hockey stick itself.
In Figure 7, seven of the panels show the PC1 from feeding red noise series into Mann’s program. One of the panels is the MBH98 hockey stick graph (pre-1980 proxy portion). See if you can tell which is which.
We submitted a letter to Nature about this flaw in the MBH98 procedure. After a long (8-month) reviewing process they notified us that they would not publish it. They concluded it could not be explained in the 500-word limit they were prepared to give us, and one of the referees said he found the material was quite technical and unlikely to be of interest to the general readers. Instead Mann et al. were permitted to make a coy disclosure in their July Corrigendum. In an on-line Supplement (but not in the printed text itself) they revealed the nonstandard method, and added the unsupported claim that it did not affect the results.
We of course did not drop the matter. We extended our study in two ways. First, we showed that the data mining procedure did not just pull out a random group of proxies, instead it pulled out an eccentric group of bristlecone pine chronologies published by Graybill and Idso in 1993.13 These trees (the Sheep Mountain series in Figure 5 is an example) were studied because of their pattern of cambial dieback. They all turned out to exhibit a 20th century growth spurt that has not been fully explained, but is likely to be at least in part due to CO2 fertilization and is known not to be a temperature signal since it does not match nearby temperature records. The original authors (and others) have stressed that they are not proper climate proxies. So we felt it was important to examine what would happen to the MBH98 results if the Graybill-Idso proxies were excluded from the NOAMER group.
The result is in the bottom panel of Figure 6 ("Censored"). It shows what happens when Mann’s PC algorithm is applied to the NOAMER data after removing 20 bristlecone pine series. Without these 11
13 Graybill, D.A., and S.B. Idso, (1993) Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 7, 81-95.
Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
hockey stick shapes to mine for, the Mann method generates a result just like that from a conventional PC algorithm, and shows the dominant pattern is not hockey stick-shaped at all. Without the bristlecone pines the overall MBH98 results would not have a hockey stick shape, instead it would have a pronounced peak in the 15th century.
Of crucial importance here: the data for the bottom panel of Figure 6 is from a folder called CENSORED on Mann’s FTP site. He did this very experiment himself and discovered that the PCs lose their hockey stick shape when the Graybill-Idso series are removed. In so doing he discovered that the hockey stick is not a global pattern, it is driven by a flawed group of US proxies that experts do not consider valid as climate indicators. But he did not disclose this fatal weakness of his results, and it only came to light because of Stephen McIntyre’s laborious efforts.
Another extension to our analysis concerned the claims of statistical significance in Mann’s papers. We found that meaningless red noise could yield hockey stick-like proxy PCs. This allowed us to generate a "Monte Carlo" benchmark for statistical significance. The idea is that if you fit a model using random numbers you can see how well they do at "explaining" the data. Then the "real world" data, if they are actually informative about the climate, have to outperform the random numbers. We calculated significance benchmarks for the hockey stick algorithm and showed that the hockey stick did not achieve statistical significance, at least in the pre-1450 segment where all the controversy is. In other words, MBH98 and MBH99 present results that are no more informative about the millennial climate history than random numbers.
3.3 The Gaspé cedar
Another oddity in MBH98 is that some series are duplicated within the data base. One of these, the Gaspé "northern treeline" series14 is included as a separate proxy (treeline #11) but it is also in the NOAMER PC collation as cana036. The data begin in 1404, but the chronology is based on only one tree up to 1421 and only 2 trees up to 1447. Dendrochronologists do not use site data where only one or two (or zero!) trees are sampled. In fact the authors who originally sampled the Gaspé data don’t use any of the data before AD1600. When used as treeline #11, MBH98 listed the start date as 1400 and filled the empty first four cells by extrapolation. The misrepresented start date enabled them to avoid disclosure of the unique extrapolation; the extrapolation enabled them to include this series in the calculations going back to AD1400, rather than withholding it until the AD1450 step.
We wanted to see what would happen if the Gaspé data were not introduced until AD1450. By rights we could have withheld it until 1600, and only used it once in the data base, but that much alteration to the MBH98 procedure turned out to be unnecessary. Simply removing the pre-1450 portion had a large effect on the final graph, as will be shown in the next section. We wrote up the red noise experiment and significance benchmarking material into a paper which was submitted to Geophysical Research Letters.
14 This series was included in the North American "northern treeline" network even though the Gaspé peninsula is nowhere near the northern treeline.
12Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
We wrote up the information on the Gaspé cedar and the bristlecone pines and submitted it to Energy and Environment. Both papers were accepted and came out in February 2005.15
3.4 The new score
Figure 8 shows two versions of the hockey stick chart. The dashed line is the MBH98 version. The solid line applies the corrections to methodology and data discussed in this paper. (More detailed step-by-step diagrams are provided in our 2005 Energy and Environment paper). The Mann multiproxy data, when correctly handled, shows the 20th century climate to be unexceptional compared to earlier centuries. This result is fully in line with the borehole evidence. (As an aside, it also turns out to be in line with other studies that are sometimes trotted out in support of the hockey stick, but which, on close inspection, actually imply a MWP as well.)
Our critics, including Mann himself, have mounted several counterarguments which are more fully canvassed and dealt with in the Environment and Energy paper (vol. 16(1)). The main response is that if the PC algorithm is corrected, but instead of only using 2 PCs from the NOAMER group we use at least 4 PCs, a hockey stick shape can be partly recovered. This is true. However, there are 4 flaws with this argument.
(i) MBH98 identified the hockey stick shape as the dominant pattern (PC1) in the proxy data by using a flawed PC method. Under a corrected method the hockey stick shape is demoted to the fourth PC and the analysis suggests it accounts for less than 8 percent of the total explained variance, making it at best a small background signal. If the inclusion of a single higher-order PC accounting for less than 8 percent of the variance in a single region changes all the results, it does not prove that the PC4 is actually the "dominant climate pattern", instead it shows that the model lacks robustness and the conclusions are unstable. Had this been admitted in 1998 the paper would likely never have been published.
(ii) If the flawed bristlecone pine series are removed, the hockey stick disappears regardless of how the PCs are calculated and regardless of how many are included. The hockey stick shape is not global, it is a local phenomenon associated with eccentric proxies. Mann discovered this long ago and never reported it.
15 McIntyre, Stephen and Ross McKitrick (2005a) "The M&M Critique of the MBH98 Northern Hemisphere Climate Index: Update and Implications." Energy and Environment 16(1) pp. 69-100; (2005b) "Hockey Sticks, Principal Components and Spurious Significance" Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 32, No. 3, L03710 10.1029/2004GL021750 12 February 2005. For copies please see www.climateaudit.org.
13Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
Figure 8. Dashed line: MBH98 proxy-based Northern Hemisphere temperature index reconstruction. Solid line: Series resulting from using corrected PCs (retaining 5 PCs in the North America network), removing Gaspé extrapolation and applying CO2 fertilization adjustment to full length of bristlecone pine series.16
(iii) The MBH98 model fails to attain statistical significance regardless of the number of PCs used, regardless of whether the bristlecone pines are included or not, and regardless of any other salvaging strategy proposed by Mann and his colleagues in recent weeks. It is no more informative about the early millennial climate than a table of random numbers.
(iv) MBH99 acknowledged that the bristlecone series are flawed and need an adjustment to remove the CO2 fertilization effect. But they only applied the correction to the pre-1400 portion of the series. When we apply the correction to the full series length the hockey stick shape disappears regardless of how many PCs are retained.
Since our work has begun to appear we have enjoyed the satisfaction of knowing we are winning over the expert community, one at a time. Physicist Richard Muller of Berkeley studied our work last year and wrote an article about it: 14
16 Source: McIntyre and McKitrick 2005, under review.
Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005 [The findings] hit me like a bombshell, and I suspect it is having the same effect on many others. an article in the Dutch science magazine Natuurwetenschap & Techniek, Dr. Rob van Dorland of the He [Climatologist Ulrich Cubasch] discussed with his coworkers - and many of his professional Recentl re and I received an email from Dr. Hendrik Tennekes, retired director of the "The IPCC review process is fatally flawed. The behavior of Michael Mann is a disgrace to the oints (i)—(iv) above are examples of the technical arguments in the hockey stick debate. It is now time April 2001, just after the release of the TAR, then Chairmen Robert Watson and Sir John Houghton Watson, described by many diplomats as the world's most authoritative voice on global
Suddenly the hockey stick, the poster-child of the global warming community, turns out to be an artifact of poor mathematics.17
In
Dutch National Meteorological Agency commented "It is strange that the climate reconstruction of Mann passed both peer review rounds of the IPCC without anyone ever really having checked it. I think this issue will be on the agenda of the next IPCC meeting in Peking this May."18 In February 2005 the German television channel Das Erste interviewed climatologist Ulrich Cubasch, who revealed that he too had been unable to replicate the hockey stick (emphasis added):
colleagues - the objections, and sought to work them through… Bit by bit, it became clear also to his colleagues: the two Canadians were right. …Between 1400 and 1600, the temperature shift was considerably higher than, for example, in the previous century. With that, the core conclusion, and that also of the IPCC 2001 Report, was completely undermined.19
y Stephen McInty
Royal Meteorological Institute of the Netherlands. He wrote to convey comments he wished to be communicated publicly:
profession…The scientific basis for the Kyoto protocol is grossly inadequate."
4 Lessons for the IPCC
P
to turn to the other level of the debate: what does it tell us about the IPCC?
In
gave a news conference in which they dismissed the idea of substantial disagreement with the IPCC Report:
warming, dismissed suggestions that there was a 50-50 split in the scientific community over climate change or humanity's role in producing it.
17 Muller, Richard, 2004. Global Warming Bombshell. MIT Technology Review Retrieved from
18 Natuurwetenschap & Techniek (NWT) Feb 27, 2005.
19 See http://www.daserste.de/wwiewissen/thema_dyn~id,pmhkzlh24crqytp5~cm.asp (accessed April 27, 2005).
15Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
"It's not even 80-20 or 90-10 (in percentage terms). I personally believe it's something ohn Houghton, a British expert who co-chairs an IPCC panel investigating climate change, hese are very telling quotations. Watson and Houghton are commenting on the scientific community as roup efforts are always at risk of self-selection and groupthink. The pressure to conform within the Since its publication they [colleagues at his institute] have been asked to comment on this his is quite an admission. A major public research institution makes expert pronouncements on issues it standing and, presumably, their funding. It’s quite a scandalous situation.
like 98-2 or 99-1," said Watson, chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)...
J
said his work involved between 600 and 700 scientists writing and reviewing 5,000 papers. "That's a very large body of scientists," he said. Houghton said that worldwide there were nomore than 10 scientists active in the field and well-versed in the arguments who disagreed with the notion of human-induced climate change.20
T
they encounter it. They are describing the group of people with whom they had just worked for two years producing the TAR. It is, according to Watson, 99% lined up on one opinion. According to Houghton, no more than 10 qualified scientists disagree with them. But that tells us nothing about the range of qualified opinion on climate issues. It only tells us about the self-selection process (deliberate or unconscious) within the IPCC.
G
IPCC should not be underestimated. Recently (March 22, 2005) Steve McIntyre and I received an email from a meteorologist who works at a well-known national weather research agency. He was writing to ask us for some information in advance of an upcoming meeting at his institute to discuss our paper. In the course of his letter he made the following comments:
as the "[country’s] expert institute". However, they do not do this type of research themselves and thus have problems positioning themselves in this discussion. Rather than admitting that they - like many others including myself - lack a sufficient background to really judge the discussion they frantically try to keep up the impression for the outside world that they actually do possess this expertise. I've seen it happen in public appearance of the [institute staff] now on many occasions. What complicates matters is that they are heavily involved in IPCC but also in [national] projects on climate change so that they actually cannot afford to question the IPCC climate science.
T
actually doesn’t have the expertise to evaluate, just for the sake of keeping up appearances. And they refrain from criticizing the IPCC because they depend on their affiliation with it to maintain their public
20 Quoted in William McLean, "UN Expert: Climate Change Skeptics a Tiny Minority." Reuters, April 5 2001.
16Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
The IPCC carries an enormous trust. Governments around the world rely on its reports to the active xclusion of all other information sources. The combination of massive influence with a lack of tions make provision for independent points of iew to be fully represented, and information presented for consideration is subject to adversarial . AN AUDIT PANEL. A group of experts fully independent of the IPCC should be assembled immediately after the release of any future IPCC Reports to prepare an audit report which will be data are publicly available, o The statistical methods were fully described, correctly implemented and the computer code is vided in the text as to why these findings have been given prominence. Any co panel be drawn from the ranks of competent mathematicians, statisticians, physicists and computer scientists B. NTER-WEIGHT PANEL. A Working Group 4 should be assembled from among the expert community unaffiliated with Working Group 1 to publish, as part of the IPCC process, a formal
e
independent oversight, internal and external conflicts of interest and refusal to take critics seriously is unacceptable. The prominence given to the hockey stick without any serious review indicates either that the IPCC has a much weaker review process than they have claimed, or that the Panel is systematically biased, or both. Either way it represents a breach of the trust placed in it. Now is the time for serious thought about how to correct the imbalance in the IPCC. In any other official context we find that important institu
v
scrutiny. In business there are rules requiring independent audits and oversight by Securities Commissions. Courts insist on independent representation for the prosecution and the defence without exception, and each side has the opportunity to cross-examine the others’ witnesses. It is time to build into the IPCC provision for independent review, oversight and critical scrutiny of the final results. It is no longer enough to appeal to the black box of the expert review process, which proved to be inadequate for ensuring accuracy and balance in the TAR. I propose two innovations to the IPCC process to accomplish these things.
A
released under the imprimatur of the IPCC itself. The audit will identify the key studies on which the Report’s conclusions have been based, and scrutinize those studies, with a view to verifying that, at a minimum: o The
published,
o If the findings given maximum prominence are at odds with other published evidence, good reason is pro
mpetent scientist can assess these things. My strong recommendation is that such a
outside the climatology profession, to prevent the conflict of interest that arises because climatologists face career repercussions from publicly criticizing the IPCC. Also, participation should exclude officials from environment ministries, because of the conflict of interest entailed in the fact that environment ministries are the main financial beneficiaries of the promotion of global warming fears. A COU
critique of the next Working Group 1 assessment report.21 Such a panel should deal with both
21 Chris Essex and I develop this proposal at greater length in Taken By Storm (see www.takenbystorm.info). 17Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005 18 It would be important that this exercise be sponsored by client governments and published under the In making this ‘Team B’-type proposal I have encountered a few common objections. One is that A third objection is that it will create confusion by giving ‘equal’ time to the other side. People won’t On the other hand perhaps the opposite will happen. Perhaps the IPCC’s position is actually rather
economic and scientific aspects of the IPCC’s work as they bear upon the WGI Report. It would be ideal to then have Working Group 1 prepare a response, to which Working Group 4 would then prepare a reply.
IPCC imprimatur. It is no good waiting for the expert community to self-organize into such a panel, nor will it do to expect private firms or foundations to sponsor such a panel, since people cannot seem to get past their suspicions of ulterior motives when private sponsors have undertaken such work in the past. It is in government’s interest to test the IPCC’s output carefully, so they ought to take the lead in organizing the work.
there is no need for it since the IPCC is already balanced. I think I have established adequate grounds to doubt this. Another is the concern that it suggests a lack of trust, or an impugning of motives. In a business or legal setting however, there are checks and balances in place, including the entire system of independent auditing, not because we assume people in businessmen are dishonest but because we want a system that still works even if some people aren’t always honest and unbiased. Checks and balances are a fact of life.
know whom to believe. This point is rather revealing. Are people worried that if the contra-IPCC position were carefully put before the public, it might appear surprisingly compelling? But isn’t the IPCC so confident in its position that they dismiss the very existence of credible counter-evidence? If their critics are truly unqualified and incompetent, it will only strengthen the hand of the IPCC by putting each side’s best arguments side-by-side, thereby laying to rest the idea that the IPCC systematically ignores good arguments from its critics.
fragile, and allowing the public to see the opposing arguments would give away the game. I suspect that some within the IPCC might just be afraid of this.
What is the ‘Hockey Stick’ Debate About?
Ross McKitrick*
Department of Economics
University of Guelph
April 4 2005
http://www.uoguelph.ca/~rmckitri/research/McKitrick-hockeystick.pdf
Abstract
The hockey stick debate is about two things. At a technical level it concerns a well-known study that characterized the state of the Earth’s climate over the past thousand years and seemed to prove a recent and unprecedented global warming. I will explain how the study got the results it did, examine some key flaws in the methodology and explain why the conclusions are unsupported by the data. At the political level the emerging debate is about whether the enormous international trust that has been placed in the IPCC was betrayed. The hockey stick story reveals that the IPCC allowed a deeply flawed study to dominate the Third Assessment Report, which suggests the possibility of bias in the Report-writing process. In view of the massive global influence of IPCC Reports, there is an urgent need to bias-proof future assessments in order to put climate policy onto a new foundation that will better serve the public interest.
1 Introduction
The hockey stick graph appears to show that the Earth’s climate was very stable from AD1000 to 1900, then suddenly began to change, with temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere rising dramatically. It was central to the 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR) from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It appears as Figure 1b in the Working Group 1 Summary for Policymakers, Figure 5 in the Technical Summary, twice in Chapter 2 (Figures 2-20 and 2-21) of the main report, and Figures 2-3 and
* Invited Special Presentation to the Conference "Managing Climate Change—Practicalities and Realities in a Post-Kyoto Future," Parliament House, Canberra Australia. My thanks to: the hosts, The Australia Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Study Centre at Monash University, and Alan Oxley for the invitation to make this presentation. 4/19/05: Correction of some typos. 7/22/05: Corrected IPCC 1995 ref. on p.5 to IPCC 1990. 10/18/05: Correction of minor grammar and punctuation.
1Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
9-1B in the Synthesis Report. Referring to this figure, the IPCC Summary for Policymakers (p. 3) claimed it is likely "that the 1990s has been the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year of the millennium" for the Northern Hemisphere.
In appreciating the promotional aspect of this graph, observe not only the number of times it appears, but its size and colourful prominence every time it is shown. This can best be seen by comparing its presentation with that of another equally-important climate data series, the global average of tropospheric temperatures as developed by Christie and Spencer using weather satellites.1 The two data series have been of central importance in debates over climate science in recent years and both convey information with potentially pivotal implications. Yet the graph of satellite-measured tropospheric data was omitted altogether from the Summary for Policymakers. It does appear in the Technical Summary, but only in a relatively small panel (TS Figure 4a) in black-and-white, overlaid with surface data and weather balloon data in such a way that it is hard to see where the MSU series actually starts. And it is immediately followed by a full-colour hockey stick occupying over half the next (facing) page. On the following page I reproduce the page sequence from the IPCC Technical Summary. The contrast is obvious. Like a magician misdirecting the audience’s attention, the IPCC drew attention towards the hockey stick. They may argue in hindsight that they had good reason for this strategic emphasis, but they cannot deny that there was deliberate editorial sleight-of-hand, and readers may in hindsight feel a justifiable sense of having been tricked.
The implicit message concerning the importance of the hockey stick evidence was not lost on the IPCC clientele, as evidenced by its heavy subsequent promotion. When the TAR was released in January 2001, Canada’s Chief Climate Science Advisor, Henry Hengeveld, gave his reaction in an interview for an article in the Toronto Globe and Mail (emphasis added).2
"This gives a fairly clear signal that this isn't just a future issue, it's happening now," Mr. Hengeveld said. Among the strongest evidence is the fact that the past century has likely been the warmest in the Northern Hemisphere in the past millennium, he said. Not only that, the 1990s ranked as the warmest decade of the millennium, and 1998 was the warmest year of the millennium in the Northern Hemisphere, which is where most of their data have been acquired.
The Government of Canada subsequently sent the hockey stick (but not the satellite data) to schools across the country, and its famous conclusion about the 1990s being the warmest decade of the millennium was the opening line of a pamphlet sent to every household in Canada to promote the Kyoto Protocol. A Google search, or simply a browse to a randomly-chosen government environment ministry web site, will reveal it to be ubiquitous and primary whenever evidence is adduced for global warming or for plumping up support for Kyoto.
1 See http://www.ghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/MSU/msusci.html.
2 Alanna Mitchell, "Scientists raise alarm of climate catastrophe." Globe and Mail January 22, 2001.
2Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
Figure 1: Extract of IPCC Technical Summary pages 28-29. Note the relative visual roles of the MSU tropospheric data and the Hockey Stick.
In the aftermath of the hockey stick’s demolition, some scientists connected to the IPCC have tried to insist that it actually didn’t matter that much to their case. Any such attempt to downplay the influence of the graph flies in the face of the print record. Without it the TAR would have been a very different document, it would not have been able to conclude what it did, nor could the IPCC have convinced world leaders to take the actions they subsequently took.
In light of its singular role, and in light of the enormous trust placed by governments around the world in the IPCC, we should expect they took some pains to ensure the graph’s validity. IPCC leaders have boasted at length about their rigorous multi-stage review process,3 they have urged world leaders to place the greatest trust in their Report, and they have summarily dismissed criticism on the grounds that their Assessment contains the "consensus" view of all qualified climate scientists around the world.
We must evaluate the rigour of the IPCC quality control process, not by the elaborateness of the stated procedures, but by the contents of its Reports. As I will show, the hockey stick paper was deeply flawed 3
3 See, for instance, "Consensus Science or Consensus Politics?" Nature 412 12 July 2001 112—114.
Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
and it contradicted other credible evidence then appearing in the scientific literature. The flaws could have been discovered during the review process under even the most elementary fact-checking. Yet the review process not only allowed this paper through, but made it front-and-centre in the final Report. The question then is not whether the IPCC review process is flawed: we can no longer conclude otherwise. The question is how to bias-proof future Reports in order to put policy onto a new foundation that will better serve the public interest.
The hockey stick debate is thus about two things. At a technical level it is about flaws in methodology and erroneous results in a scientific paper. But at the political level the debate is about whether the IPCC betrayed the trust of governments around the world. If the hockey stick incident was truly inadvertent, we can expect the IPCC would, in good faith, be fully supportive of new mechanisms to bias-proof its future reporting-writing process.
2 The Lead-up to the Mann Hockey Stick
Scientists try to discern local climate histories over past centuries using various techniques, including temperature proxies and ground borehole temperature data. "Proxies" include a wide range of measures that are, potentially, sensitive to local temperature trends, such as tree ring widths. Boreholes drilled into the ground have a vertical temperature profile that can be inverted to yield an estimate of the historical temperature sequence at the surface.
In the mid-1990s the use of ground boreholes as a clue to paleoclimate history was becoming well-established. In 1995 David Deming, a geoscientist at the University of Oklahoma, published a study in Science4 that demonstrated the technique by generating a 150-year climate history for North America. Here, in his own words, is what happened next.
With the publication of the article in Science, I gained significant credibility in the community of scientists working on climate change. They thought I was one of them, someone who would pervert science in the service of social and political causes. So one of them let his guard down. A major person working in the area of climate change and global warming sent me an astonishing email that said "We have to get rid of the Medieval Warm Period."5
The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is an interval from approximately AD1000 to AD1300 during which many places around the world exhibited conditions that seem warm compared to today. In the 1990 First
4 Deming, D. (1995). "Climatic Warming in North America: Analysis of Borehole Temperatures." Science 268, 1576-1577.
5 David Deming (2005) "Global Warming, the Politicization of Science, and Michael Crichton's State of Fear." Forthcoming, Journal of Scientific Exploration, v.19, no.2.
4Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
Assessment Report of the IPCC, there was no hockey stick. Instead the millennial climate history contained a MWP and a subsequent Little Ice Age, as shown as in Figure 3. The late 20th century appears to be nothing special by comparison. It is easy to see why this graph was a problem for those pushing the global warming alarm. If the world could warm so much on such a short time scale as a result of natural causes, surely the 20th century climate change could simply be a natural effect as well. And the present climate change could hardly be considered unusually hazardous if even larger climate changes happened in the recent past, and we are simply fluctuating in the middle of what nature regularly dishes out.
Figure 3: World Climate History According to IPCC in 1990.
Those wanting to "get rid of" the MWP run into the problem that it shows up strongly in the data. Shortly after Deming’s article appeared, a group led by Shaopeng Huang of the University of Michigan completed a major analysis of over 6,000 borehole records from every continent around the world. Their study went back 20,000 years. The portion covering the last millennium is shown in Figure 4. The similarity to the IPCC’s 1990 graph is obvious. The world experienced a "warm" interval in the medieval era that dwarfs 20th century changes. The present-day climate appears to be simply a recovery from the cold years of the "Little Ice Age."
5Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
Figure 4. World Climate History after AD1,000 according to ground borehole evidence.
Vertical axis: average anomalies in oC, with range indicating Bayesian probability boundaries.
Source: Huang et al. (1998); data supplied by Huang.
Huang and coauthors published their findings in Geophysical Research Letters6 in 1997. The next year, Nature published the first Mann hockey stick paper, commonly called "MBH98."7 Mann et al. followed up in 1999 with a paper in GRL ("MBH99") extending their results from AD1400 back to AD1000.8 In early 2000 the IPCC released the first draft of the TAR. The hockey stick was the only paleoclimate reconstruction shown in the Summary, and was the only one in the whole report to be singled out for repeated presentation. The borehole data received a brief mention in Chapter 2 but the Huang et al. graph was not shown. A small graph of borehole data was, taken from another study and based on a smaller sample, was shown in a post-1500 segment, which, conveniently, trended upwards.
As soon as the IPCC Report came out, the hockey stick version of climate history became canonical. Suddenly it was the "consensus" view, and for the next few years it seemed that anyone publicly questioning the result was in for a ferocious reception.
6 Huang, Shaopeng, Henry N. Pollack and Po Yu Shen (1997). "Late Quaternary Temperature Changes Seen in Worldwide Continental Heat Flow Measurements." Geophysical Research Letters 24: 1947—1950.
7 Mann, M.E., Bradley, R.S. and Hughes, M.K., 1998. "Global-Scale Temperature Patterns and Climate Forcing Over the Past Six Centuries", Nature, 392, 779-787.
8 Mann, M.E., Bradley, R.S. and Hughes, M.K., "Northern Hemisphere Temperatures During the Past Millennium: Inferences, Uncertainties, and Limitations", Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 759-762, 1999.
6Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
3 The Making of the Mann Hockey Stick
3.1 The multiproxy method
Now to the technical details. Mann et al. called their method a "multiproxy" technique, since it combined a variety of proxies. The most numerous, and influential, proxies in their data set are tree ring chronologies. The method required mapping a large sample of proxies to a large sample of temperatures, and it encountered the mathematical problem that there are more equations than there are unknowns. So the dimensions of the data matrices had to be reduced.
Principal components analysis is a common tool for handling this. It involves replacing a group of series with a weighted average of those series, where the weights chosen so that the new vector (called the principal component or PC) explains as much of the variance of the original series as possible. This leaves a matrix of unexplained residuals, but this matrix can be reduced to a PC as well. In that case the original PC is called the first PC (PC1), and the PC of the residuals is called the second PC, or PC2. And there will be residuals from it too, yielding PC3, PC4, etc. The higher the number of the PC, the less important is the pattern it explains in the original data. PC1 is the dominant pattern, PC2 is the secondary pattern, etc. In many cases a large number of data series can be summarized with relatively few PCs.
MBH98 applied PC analysis to simplify both temperature and proxy data. For temperatures, they represent 1,082 series with 16 PCs. They used 112 proxies, of which 71 were individual records and 31 were PCs from 6 regional networks containing over 300 underlying series in total. The networks are from geographical regions with labels like "NOAMER" (North America) and "SWM" (Southwest-Mexico).
In the Spring of 2003, Stephen McIntyre requested the MBH98 data set from Mann. He is not a scientist or an economist, he was just curious how the graph was made and wanted to see if the raw data looked like hockey sticks too. After some delay Mann arranged provision of a file which was represented as the one used for MBH98. One of the first things Stephen discovered was that the PCs used in MBH98 could not be replicated. In the process of looking up all the data sources and re-building Mann’s data set from scratch, Steve discovered a quite a few errors concerning location labels, use of obsolete editions, unexplained truncations of available series, etc. Some of these had small effects on the final results, but replacing the PCs had a big effect. I joined the project in the late summer of 2003 and we published a paper9 in October 2003 explaining the errors we found in Mann’s data. We showed that when these errors were corrected the famous hockey stick disappeared.
In his initial response, Mann argued that we had studied the wrong data set—in other words that the one he provided had mistakes in it and we ought instead to have used one in a newly-identified FTP archive at his university. Over the next month we examined his FTP archive and discovered that, in fact, it
9 McIntyre, Steven and Ross McKitrick, (2003). "Corrections to the Mann et. al. (1998) Proxy Data Base and Northern Hemisphere Average Temperature Series." Environment and Energy 14(6) pp. 751-771.
7Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
corresponded almost exactly to the file we had originally been working with. However it differed in important ways from the description of the data set in the original Nature paper. We supplied a list of these discrepancies to Nature and after their own investigation they ordered a Corrigendum from Mann et al.10
Mann also objected that we did not exactly replicate his computational steps or sequence of proxy rosters. No one had ever replicated his results, and we now know others had tried but were also unsuccessful. To date we are the closest anyone has been able to come in print. We were not bothered by Mann’s response on this point, but it did seem pointless to differ over trivial issues. So we requested his computational code to eliminate these easily-resolved differences. To our surprise he refused to supply his computer code, a stance he maintains to today. As for the proxy sequence, in building his PCs it turns out he had spliced together a number of different series in order to handle segments with missing data in the earliest part of the analysis. This was not explained in his Nature paper so Steve had not implemented it in the emulation program. We requested identification of the splicing sequence, which Mann refused to provide, so Steve worked out an emulation as best he could. In the end nothing turned on it, though Mann continues to point to it as a knock against our efforts. It is still not possible to identify the final form of the data used in MBH98 since it requires forming sequences of spliced proxy PC segments and Mann has given conflicting counts of the number of underlying vectors involved. Still, Steve’s emulation program is very close to reproducing the original hockey stick, and is as close as anyone is able to get in the absence of cooperation from Mann and his colleagues.
3.2 The bent principal components
In our analysis of Mann’s FTP archive we found some remnant computer code files that turned out to be the Fortran routines he used to compute his principal components. In these we discovered why his PCs could not be replicated. In a conventional PC analysis, if the data are in differing units it is common to "standardize" them by subtracting the mean of each column and dividing by the standard error. This re-centers and re-scales all the data to a mean of zero and a variance of 1. With tree ring data no such re-scaling is needed since the data are pre-scaled before archiving.
In Mann’s program, he applied a scaling, but with a difference. Rather than subtract the mean of the entire series length, he subtracted the mean of the 20th century portion, then divided by the standard error of the 20th century portion.11 Most of his proxy series do not look like hockey sticks, they look like flat static, and since they don’t change in the 20th century this procedure did not make much difference. The mean of the last section is roughly the same as the mean of the whole series (as is the standard error) so either way of standardizing yields more or less the same result. But some of the series trend upwards in the 20th century. For these, the Mann method has a huge effect. Since the mean of the 20th century portion is higher than the mean of the whole series, subtracting the 20th century mean ‘de-centers’ the series, shifting it off a zero mean. This, in turn, inflates the variance of these series.
10 Mann, Bradley and Hughes (2004) Corrigendum, Nature July 1, 2004, page 105.
11 He also divided again by the detrended standard deviation, though this step is of little consequence.
8Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
Figure 5: Two tree ring chronologies from the MBH98 data set. Top: Sheep Mountain, CA, USA. Bottom: Mayberry Slough, AR, USA. Both series are the same length, but due to the 20th century trend in the top panel, Mann’s algorithm gives it 390 times the weight of the bottom series in the PC1.
PC algorithms choose weights to maximize the explained variance of a group of data series. If one series in the group has a relatively high variance, its weight in the PC1 gets inflated. The Mann algorithm did just this. It would, in effect, look through a data set and identify series with a 20th century trend, then load all the weight on them. In effect it ‘data-mines’ for hockey sticks.
Figure 5 gives an example of the effect. It shows 2 of the 90 full-length series in Mann’s data base. Both are part of the North America ("NOAMER") proxy roster, whose PC1 is the most influential series on the hockey stick’s final shape. The top panel is a tree ring chronology from a stand of bristlecone pines at Sheep Mountain, California. The bottom panel is a tree ring chronology from Mayberry Slough, Arkansas. In the bottom panel, the mean over the last 80 years is roughly equal to the mean for the previous 500 years, but in the top panel the post-1900 mean is above that for the pre-1900 portion. Mann’s algorithm gives 390 times as much weight to the top series as to the bottom series in the PC1.
Figure 6 shows the contrasting results. The top panel is the MBH98 PC1 for North America, which they call the "dominant pattern" in the data, and which has a distinct hockey stick shape. The second panel shows the simple average of the NOAMER proxies. Note that most proxies look more like Mayberry Slough—only a handful have the 20th century growth spurt. The third panel shows the PC1 computed using a common statistical package, in which the data are standardized in the usual way. It looks like the simple mean, indicating that the dominant pattern in the data does not have a hockey stick shape. I will explain the bottom panel ("Censored") shortly.
9Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
Figure 6. Top panel: PC1 of the post-1400 NOAMER tree ring network, calculated by MBH98 using short-segment standardization. Second panel: simple mean of proxies. Third panel: PC1 using standard software without short-segment standardization. Bottom panel: Unreported PC1 calculated by MBH after censoring Graybill-Idso high-altitude series. All normalized to 1902-1980.
To test the power of Mann’s data-mining algorithm we ran an experiment in which we developed sequences of random numbers tuned to have the same autocorrelation pattern as the NOAMER tree ring data. In an autocorrelated process a random shock takes a few periods to drift back to the mean. Initially we used a simple first-order autocorrelation model, but later we implemented a more sophisticated ARFIMA12 routine that more accurately represents the entire autocorrelation function associated with tree ring data. In statistics these kinds of models are called "red noise." The key point was that the ARFIMA data is trendless random noise, simulating the data you’d get from trees in a climate that is only subject to random fluctuations with no warming trend.
In 10,000 repetitions on groups of red noise, we found that a conventional PC algorithm almost never yielded a hockey stick shaped PC1, but the Mann algorithm yielded a pronounced hockey stick-shaped PC1 over 99% of the time. The reason is that in some of the red noise series there is a ‘pseudo-trend’ at the end, where a random shock causes the data to drift upwards, and before it can decay back to the mean 10
12 Autoregressive Fractionally-Integrated Moving Average.
Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
the series comes to an end. The Mann algorithm efficiently looks for those kinds of series and flags them for maximum weighting. It concludes that a hockey stick is the dominant pattern even in pure noise.
Figure 7. Seven panels are PC1’s from red noise data fed into MBH98 algorithm. One panel is the MBH98 hockey stick itself.
In Figure 7, seven of the panels show the PC1 from feeding red noise series into Mann’s program. One of the panels is the MBH98 hockey stick graph (pre-1980 proxy portion). See if you can tell which is which.
We submitted a letter to Nature about this flaw in the MBH98 procedure. After a long (8-month) reviewing process they notified us that they would not publish it. They concluded it could not be explained in the 500-word limit they were prepared to give us, and one of the referees said he found the material was quite technical and unlikely to be of interest to the general readers. Instead Mann et al. were permitted to make a coy disclosure in their July Corrigendum. In an on-line Supplement (but not in the printed text itself) they revealed the nonstandard method, and added the unsupported claim that it did not affect the results.
We of course did not drop the matter. We extended our study in two ways. First, we showed that the data mining procedure did not just pull out a random group of proxies, instead it pulled out an eccentric group of bristlecone pine chronologies published by Graybill and Idso in 1993.13 These trees (the Sheep Mountain series in Figure 5 is an example) were studied because of their pattern of cambial dieback. They all turned out to exhibit a 20th century growth spurt that has not been fully explained, but is likely to be at least in part due to CO2 fertilization and is known not to be a temperature signal since it does not match nearby temperature records. The original authors (and others) have stressed that they are not proper climate proxies. So we felt it was important to examine what would happen to the MBH98 results if the Graybill-Idso proxies were excluded from the NOAMER group.
The result is in the bottom panel of Figure 6 ("Censored"). It shows what happens when Mann’s PC algorithm is applied to the NOAMER data after removing 20 bristlecone pine series. Without these 11
13 Graybill, D.A., and S.B. Idso, (1993) Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 7, 81-95.
Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
hockey stick shapes to mine for, the Mann method generates a result just like that from a conventional PC algorithm, and shows the dominant pattern is not hockey stick-shaped at all. Without the bristlecone pines the overall MBH98 results would not have a hockey stick shape, instead it would have a pronounced peak in the 15th century.
Of crucial importance here: the data for the bottom panel of Figure 6 is from a folder called CENSORED on Mann’s FTP site. He did this very experiment himself and discovered that the PCs lose their hockey stick shape when the Graybill-Idso series are removed. In so doing he discovered that the hockey stick is not a global pattern, it is driven by a flawed group of US proxies that experts do not consider valid as climate indicators. But he did not disclose this fatal weakness of his results, and it only came to light because of Stephen McIntyre’s laborious efforts.
Another extension to our analysis concerned the claims of statistical significance in Mann’s papers. We found that meaningless red noise could yield hockey stick-like proxy PCs. This allowed us to generate a "Monte Carlo" benchmark for statistical significance. The idea is that if you fit a model using random numbers you can see how well they do at "explaining" the data. Then the "real world" data, if they are actually informative about the climate, have to outperform the random numbers. We calculated significance benchmarks for the hockey stick algorithm and showed that the hockey stick did not achieve statistical significance, at least in the pre-1450 segment where all the controversy is. In other words, MBH98 and MBH99 present results that are no more informative about the millennial climate history than random numbers.
3.3 The Gaspé cedar
Another oddity in MBH98 is that some series are duplicated within the data base. One of these, the Gaspé "northern treeline" series14 is included as a separate proxy (treeline #11) but it is also in the NOAMER PC collation as cana036. The data begin in 1404, but the chronology is based on only one tree up to 1421 and only 2 trees up to 1447. Dendrochronologists do not use site data where only one or two (or zero!) trees are sampled. In fact the authors who originally sampled the Gaspé data don’t use any of the data before AD1600. When used as treeline #11, MBH98 listed the start date as 1400 and filled the empty first four cells by extrapolation. The misrepresented start date enabled them to avoid disclosure of the unique extrapolation; the extrapolation enabled them to include this series in the calculations going back to AD1400, rather than withholding it until the AD1450 step.
We wanted to see what would happen if the Gaspé data were not introduced until AD1450. By rights we could have withheld it until 1600, and only used it once in the data base, but that much alteration to the MBH98 procedure turned out to be unnecessary. Simply removing the pre-1450 portion had a large effect on the final graph, as will be shown in the next section. We wrote up the red noise experiment and significance benchmarking material into a paper which was submitted to Geophysical Research Letters.
14 This series was included in the North American "northern treeline" network even though the Gaspé peninsula is nowhere near the northern treeline.
12Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
We wrote up the information on the Gaspé cedar and the bristlecone pines and submitted it to Energy and Environment. Both papers were accepted and came out in February 2005.15
3.4 The new score
Figure 8 shows two versions of the hockey stick chart. The dashed line is the MBH98 version. The solid line applies the corrections to methodology and data discussed in this paper. (More detailed step-by-step diagrams are provided in our 2005 Energy and Environment paper). The Mann multiproxy data, when correctly handled, shows the 20th century climate to be unexceptional compared to earlier centuries. This result is fully in line with the borehole evidence. (As an aside, it also turns out to be in line with other studies that are sometimes trotted out in support of the hockey stick, but which, on close inspection, actually imply a MWP as well.)
Our critics, including Mann himself, have mounted several counterarguments which are more fully canvassed and dealt with in the Environment and Energy paper (vol. 16(1)). The main response is that if the PC algorithm is corrected, but instead of only using 2 PCs from the NOAMER group we use at least 4 PCs, a hockey stick shape can be partly recovered. This is true. However, there are 4 flaws with this argument.
(i) MBH98 identified the hockey stick shape as the dominant pattern (PC1) in the proxy data by using a flawed PC method. Under a corrected method the hockey stick shape is demoted to the fourth PC and the analysis suggests it accounts for less than 8 percent of the total explained variance, making it at best a small background signal. If the inclusion of a single higher-order PC accounting for less than 8 percent of the variance in a single region changes all the results, it does not prove that the PC4 is actually the "dominant climate pattern", instead it shows that the model lacks robustness and the conclusions are unstable. Had this been admitted in 1998 the paper would likely never have been published.
(ii) If the flawed bristlecone pine series are removed, the hockey stick disappears regardless of how the PCs are calculated and regardless of how many are included. The hockey stick shape is not global, it is a local phenomenon associated with eccentric proxies. Mann discovered this long ago and never reported it.
15 McIntyre, Stephen and Ross McKitrick (2005a) "The M&M Critique of the MBH98 Northern Hemisphere Climate Index: Update and Implications." Energy and Environment 16(1) pp. 69-100; (2005b) "Hockey Sticks, Principal Components and Spurious Significance" Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 32, No. 3, L03710 10.1029/2004GL021750 12 February 2005. For copies please see www.climateaudit.org.
13Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
Figure 8. Dashed line: MBH98 proxy-based Northern Hemisphere temperature index reconstruction. Solid line: Series resulting from using corrected PCs (retaining 5 PCs in the North America network), removing Gaspé extrapolation and applying CO2 fertilization adjustment to full length of bristlecone pine series.16
(iii) The MBH98 model fails to attain statistical significance regardless of the number of PCs used, regardless of whether the bristlecone pines are included or not, and regardless of any other salvaging strategy proposed by Mann and his colleagues in recent weeks. It is no more informative about the early millennial climate than a table of random numbers.
(iv) MBH99 acknowledged that the bristlecone series are flawed and need an adjustment to remove the CO2 fertilization effect. But they only applied the correction to the pre-1400 portion of the series. When we apply the correction to the full series length the hockey stick shape disappears regardless of how many PCs are retained.
Since our work has begun to appear we have enjoyed the satisfaction of knowing we are winning over the expert community, one at a time. Physicist Richard Muller of Berkeley studied our work last year and wrote an article about it: 14
16 Source: McIntyre and McKitrick 2005, under review.
Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005 [The findings] hit me like a bombshell, and I suspect it is having the same effect on many others. an article in the Dutch science magazine Natuurwetenschap & Techniek, Dr. Rob van Dorland of the He [Climatologist Ulrich Cubasch] discussed with his coworkers - and many of his professional Recentl re and I received an email from Dr. Hendrik Tennekes, retired director of the "The IPCC review process is fatally flawed. The behavior of Michael Mann is a disgrace to the oints (i)—(iv) above are examples of the technical arguments in the hockey stick debate. It is now time April 2001, just after the release of the TAR, then Chairmen Robert Watson and Sir John Houghton Watson, described by many diplomats as the world's most authoritative voice on global
Suddenly the hockey stick, the poster-child of the global warming community, turns out to be an artifact of poor mathematics.17
In
Dutch National Meteorological Agency commented "It is strange that the climate reconstruction of Mann passed both peer review rounds of the IPCC without anyone ever really having checked it. I think this issue will be on the agenda of the next IPCC meeting in Peking this May."18 In February 2005 the German television channel Das Erste interviewed climatologist Ulrich Cubasch, who revealed that he too had been unable to replicate the hockey stick (emphasis added):
colleagues - the objections, and sought to work them through… Bit by bit, it became clear also to his colleagues: the two Canadians were right. …Between 1400 and 1600, the temperature shift was considerably higher than, for example, in the previous century. With that, the core conclusion, and that also of the IPCC 2001 Report, was completely undermined.19
y Stephen McInty
Royal Meteorological Institute of the Netherlands. He wrote to convey comments he wished to be communicated publicly:
profession…The scientific basis for the Kyoto protocol is grossly inadequate."
4 Lessons for the IPCC
P
to turn to the other level of the debate: what does it tell us about the IPCC?
In
gave a news conference in which they dismissed the idea of substantial disagreement with the IPCC Report:
warming, dismissed suggestions that there was a 50-50 split in the scientific community over climate change or humanity's role in producing it.
17 Muller, Richard, 2004. Global Warming Bombshell. MIT Technology Review Retrieved from
18 Natuurwetenschap & Techniek (NWT) Feb 27, 2005.
19 See http://www.daserste.de/wwiewissen/thema_dyn~id,pmhkzlh24crqytp5~cm.asp (accessed April 27, 2005).
15Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
"It's not even 80-20 or 90-10 (in percentage terms). I personally believe it's something ohn Houghton, a British expert who co-chairs an IPCC panel investigating climate change, hese are very telling quotations. Watson and Houghton are commenting on the scientific community as roup efforts are always at risk of self-selection and groupthink. The pressure to conform within the Since its publication they [colleagues at his institute] have been asked to comment on this his is quite an admission. A major public research institution makes expert pronouncements on issues it standing and, presumably, their funding. It’s quite a scandalous situation.
like 98-2 or 99-1," said Watson, chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)...
J
said his work involved between 600 and 700 scientists writing and reviewing 5,000 papers. "That's a very large body of scientists," he said. Houghton said that worldwide there were nomore than 10 scientists active in the field and well-versed in the arguments who disagreed with the notion of human-induced climate change.20
T
they encounter it. They are describing the group of people with whom they had just worked for two years producing the TAR. It is, according to Watson, 99% lined up on one opinion. According to Houghton, no more than 10 qualified scientists disagree with them. But that tells us nothing about the range of qualified opinion on climate issues. It only tells us about the self-selection process (deliberate or unconscious) within the IPCC.
G
IPCC should not be underestimated. Recently (March 22, 2005) Steve McIntyre and I received an email from a meteorologist who works at a well-known national weather research agency. He was writing to ask us for some information in advance of an upcoming meeting at his institute to discuss our paper. In the course of his letter he made the following comments:
as the "[country’s] expert institute". However, they do not do this type of research themselves and thus have problems positioning themselves in this discussion. Rather than admitting that they - like many others including myself - lack a sufficient background to really judge the discussion they frantically try to keep up the impression for the outside world that they actually do possess this expertise. I've seen it happen in public appearance of the [institute staff] now on many occasions. What complicates matters is that they are heavily involved in IPCC but also in [national] projects on climate change so that they actually cannot afford to question the IPCC climate science.
T
actually doesn’t have the expertise to evaluate, just for the sake of keeping up appearances. And they refrain from criticizing the IPCC because they depend on their affiliation with it to maintain their public
20 Quoted in William McLean, "UN Expert: Climate Change Skeptics a Tiny Minority." Reuters, April 5 2001.
16Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005
The IPCC carries an enormous trust. Governments around the world rely on its reports to the active xclusion of all other information sources. The combination of massive influence with a lack of tions make provision for independent points of iew to be fully represented, and information presented for consideration is subject to adversarial . AN AUDIT PANEL. A group of experts fully independent of the IPCC should be assembled immediately after the release of any future IPCC Reports to prepare an audit report which will be data are publicly available, o The statistical methods were fully described, correctly implemented and the computer code is vided in the text as to why these findings have been given prominence. Any co panel be drawn from the ranks of competent mathematicians, statisticians, physicists and computer scientists B. NTER-WEIGHT PANEL. A Working Group 4 should be assembled from among the expert community unaffiliated with Working Group 1 to publish, as part of the IPCC process, a formal
e
independent oversight, internal and external conflicts of interest and refusal to take critics seriously is unacceptable. The prominence given to the hockey stick without any serious review indicates either that the IPCC has a much weaker review process than they have claimed, or that the Panel is systematically biased, or both. Either way it represents a breach of the trust placed in it. Now is the time for serious thought about how to correct the imbalance in the IPCC. In any other official context we find that important institu
v
scrutiny. In business there are rules requiring independent audits and oversight by Securities Commissions. Courts insist on independent representation for the prosecution and the defence without exception, and each side has the opportunity to cross-examine the others’ witnesses. It is time to build into the IPCC provision for independent review, oversight and critical scrutiny of the final results. It is no longer enough to appeal to the black box of the expert review process, which proved to be inadequate for ensuring accuracy and balance in the TAR. I propose two innovations to the IPCC process to accomplish these things.
A
released under the imprimatur of the IPCC itself. The audit will identify the key studies on which the Report’s conclusions have been based, and scrutinize those studies, with a view to verifying that, at a minimum: o The
published,
o If the findings given maximum prominence are at odds with other published evidence, good reason is pro
mpetent scientist can assess these things. My strong recommendation is that such a
outside the climatology profession, to prevent the conflict of interest that arises because climatologists face career repercussions from publicly criticizing the IPCC. Also, participation should exclude officials from environment ministries, because of the conflict of interest entailed in the fact that environment ministries are the main financial beneficiaries of the promotion of global warming fears. A COU
critique of the next Working Group 1 assessment report.21 Such a panel should deal with both
21 Chris Essex and I develop this proposal at greater length in Taken By Storm (see www.takenbystorm.info). 17Ross McKitrick APEC Study Group, Australia "What is the Hockey Stick Debate About? April 4, 2005 18 It would be important that this exercise be sponsored by client governments and published under the In making this ‘Team B’-type proposal I have encountered a few common objections. One is that A third objection is that it will create confusion by giving ‘equal’ time to the other side. People won’t On the other hand perhaps the opposite will happen. Perhaps the IPCC’s position is actually rather
economic and scientific aspects of the IPCC’s work as they bear upon the WGI Report. It would be ideal to then have Working Group 1 prepare a response, to which Working Group 4 would then prepare a reply.
IPCC imprimatur. It is no good waiting for the expert community to self-organize into such a panel, nor will it do to expect private firms or foundations to sponsor such a panel, since people cannot seem to get past their suspicions of ulterior motives when private sponsors have undertaken such work in the past. It is in government’s interest to test the IPCC’s output carefully, so they ought to take the lead in organizing the work.
there is no need for it since the IPCC is already balanced. I think I have established adequate grounds to doubt this. Another is the concern that it suggests a lack of trust, or an impugning of motives. In a business or legal setting however, there are checks and balances in place, including the entire system of independent auditing, not because we assume people in businessmen are dishonest but because we want a system that still works even if some people aren’t always honest and unbiased. Checks and balances are a fact of life.
know whom to believe. This point is rather revealing. Are people worried that if the contra-IPCC position were carefully put before the public, it might appear surprisingly compelling? But isn’t the IPCC so confident in its position that they dismiss the very existence of credible counter-evidence? If their critics are truly unqualified and incompetent, it will only strengthen the hand of the IPCC by putting each side’s best arguments side-by-side, thereby laying to rest the idea that the IPCC systematically ignores good arguments from its critics.
fragile, and allowing the public to see the opposing arguments would give away the game. I suspect that some within the IPCC might just be afraid of this.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
